Fiche du document numéro 28356

Num
28356
Date
Monday April 19, 2021
Amj
20210419
Auteur
Muse, class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> F.
Fichier
MuseReportAppendices19April2021.pdf
Taille
12084854
Urlorg
https://www.gov.rw/musereport
Titre
A class="ok"> foreseeable class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> - class="ok"> The class="ok"> Role class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Government class="ok"> in class="ok"> Connection class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> Against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> [Appendices]
Source
Levy - Firestone - Muse
Type
Rapport
Langue
EN
Citation
APPENDIX class="ok"> A

APPENDIX class="ok"> B

REPUBLICOF class="ok"> RWANDA

MIN:ISTRYOF class="ok"> JUSTICE
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xxxiv. class="ok"> Froduald class="ok"> Ntawulikura
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xxxv class="ok"> i. class="ok"> Beatrice class="ok"> Nyirabalinda
xx.xvii.Charles class="ok"> N class="ok"> zabagerageza
xxxv1u.
Joseph class="ok"> Nzirorera
xxxix. class="ok"> Boniface class="ok"> Rucagu
xl. class="ok"> Phenea class="ok"> s class="ok"> Rtthumuliza
xli. class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Rutaganda
xi class="ok"> ii class="ok"> ~ class="ok"> Francois class="ok"> Serushyana
xl class="ok"> iii. class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Simba
xii class="ok"> . class="ok"> Stanis class="ok"> las class="ok"> Simbizi
xiv. class="ok"> Marc class="ok"> Siniyobewe
xJvi. class="ok"> Igan class="ok"> ce class="ok"> T.emhagari
xlvii. class="ok"> Rose class="ok"> Usabuwera

....

Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 3: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> andcommuniaationsr class="ok"> .elated class="ok"> to class="ok"> tbe'rtrilifi~
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ifl class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> such

to:
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(b} class="ok"> Any class="ok"> tra class="ok"> ining class="ok"> oi class="ok"> militias class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officiaJs.
(e)

Any class="ok"> French class="ok"> official's class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> ofmiliti!l class="ok"> training class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.

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'.s class="ok"> leaders class="ok"> ) class="ok"> otficials, class="ok"> JI(embers, class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> oi
financial class="ok"> _s_upporters class="ok"> .

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b, class="ok"> Pheneas class="ok"> Rulun;nuli~ class="ok"> (Senior class="ok"> Vice-Chairman)

·c. class="ok"> GeorgesRutagauda class="ok"> (First class="ok"> Vice-Chairman
d. class="ok"> Eugene class="ok"> Mbarushimana class="ok"> (~etµy-Ceneral)
e. class="ok"> Dieudonne class="ok"> Niyitegeka class="ok"> (Treasurer class="ok"> Genefal)
ii

College class="ok"> of class="ok"> Advisers
a: class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Ma:niraga1:i@(Ch.airman class="ok"> , class="ok"> ~ommissi class="ok"> on class="ok"> on class="ok"> Social class="ok"> Legal class="ok"> Matters)
b. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Serugendo class="ok"> (Chairman, class="ok"> Research class="ok"> . class="ok"> and class="ok"> Development
Commission)
p. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Piei:re class="ok"> Sebartetsi class="ok"> (Oiairman, class="ok"> .commjssion
on class="ok"> Political
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d. class="ok"> Ephr~
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"'· class="ok"> J.M.V. class="ok"> Mu_dahinyuka class="ok"> (Chairman, class="ok"> FoUowup class="ok"> and class="ok"> Ass~$Sment

Commission)
f. class="ok"> Alphonse class="ok"> Kanimba class="ok"> (Chairman,
Doctimentatiort class="ok"> _Commission

iii

Ex.ternal

Other class="ok"> Suppodei:s
a. class="ok"> Seraphin class="ok"> .Rwabukumba

-

Relations

an.d

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Col class="ok"> Rlje class="ok"> Sagatwa
Col class="ok"> ·The'onest~ class="ok"> Bagosora
Lt, class="ok"> Bahufite class="ok"> Jµvenal
Seraphin class="ok"> Twahirwa
f. class="ok"> Gervais class="ok"> Nzabanterur
g. class="ok"> Rose class="ok"> Karushara
h. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nyandwi
l class="ok"> Mathieu class="ok"> Nginm1patse

j class="ok"> . class="ok"> Pk. class="ok"> Profuis class="ok"> Zigiranyirazo
I. class="ok"> Serapbin class="ok"> Rwabukumba

m. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Nzizorera
n. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nyandwi
a. class="ok"> Pasteur class="ok"> Musabe
p. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> ·Nzabagerageza
q. class="ok"> Callixte class="ok"> Nzabonimana
t.

Bonifaee class="ok"> Rucagu

s. class="ok"> Ll.eutenant..COlonel class="ok"> TharcisseRenzaho
t. class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Celestin class="ok"> Rwagafirita

u. class="ok"> ~~seal class="ok"> Simbikan:gwa
v. class="ok"> Leon.~ class="ok"> Mbonabaryi
w. class="ok"> Fidele class="ok"> Murigande
x. class="ok"> Annable class="ok"> Ngabitsi.n7..e
r- class="ok"> Jules class="ok"> Rugiria
z. class="ok"> •Richard class="ok"> Simba
aa class="ok"> .Pierre class="ok"> Kayondo
bb. class="ok"> Oaye.r class="ok"> Kama.ita

cc. class="ok"> Isaac class="ok"> Kamaii
dd. class="ok"> SunonBikindi
ee. class="ok"> Fidele_Rwambuka
Ef. class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ng_ir~atware
RequestNo. class="ok"> 4: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> communications class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Operation
TUJ'.quoise,includin class="ok"> g, class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to class="ok"> matters class="ok"> related class="ok"> to:
(a) class="ok"> France's class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> propose class="ok"> an class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> mission, class="ok"> its class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> with
other class="ok"> Stares class="ok"> iI.1conneclioQ class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> possible class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> , class="ok"> and class="ok"> th_ereafter class="ok"> its
request class="ok"> for class="ok"> auffto.rization class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> for class="ok"> an
interventi class="ok"> on class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> communications class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> this class="ok"> request
(b) class="ok"> TI1econd class="ok"> uct class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Forces class="ok"> armees class="ok"> rwandaises class="ok"> ("FAR class="ok"> 11), class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> bet,,veen class="ok"> Apr.il.61 class="ok"> 1994
and class="ok"> December class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> t'O class="ok"> their class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> ~enocide
agains class="ok"> t class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi; class="ok"> their class="ok"> role class="ok"> i:Qthe class="ok"> pre-Genocide class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> "(utsf class="ok"> civilians;
their class="ok"> Illilitary class="ok"> engagement class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Patriotic class="ok"> .Anny; class="ok"> th~ir class="ok"> in,reractiqn
1

PAR;shellJnclude'f class="ok"> r{ class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and. class="ok"> ex:-F.ARoffioiaJsthroughout class="ok"> thts class="ok"> do:cumentreqµesl.,whercver·n1eniwn·ed,

with class="ok"> or class="ok"> violence class="ok"> against class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> civilians; class="ok"> , class="ok"> their class="ok"> Teadiness class="ok"> ; class="ok"> any-'requests class="ok"> from class="ok"> t;he
LoterimRwandan class="ok"> GQvenm;i..ent·w class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ftance class="ok"> 01 class="ok"> individuaj
French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> assisf class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR; class="ok"> and class="ok"> any, class="ok"> provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> ass:istanee class="ok"> by class="ok"> French

offurials"t0 class="ok"> the class="ok"> ,FAR;

(c) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> ·and class="ok"> all class="ok"> communications class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> with class="ok"> officials class="ok"> from class="ok"> either class="ok"> the
Int¢m class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Gov class="ok"> .emment class="ok"> or class="ok"> tne class="ok"> FARrbetween class="ok"> June class="ok"> 20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> Jmy class="ok"> 18i.
1994, class="ok"> indudin~ class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to:
i. class="ok"> Theodore class="ok"> Sindikubwab~, class="ok"> President class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Republic
ii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> .Kambanda, class="ok"> Prime class="ok"> .tvlinister
iii. class="ok"> jfu:Ome
· class="ok"> Bfoamumpaka, class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> an class="ok"> d class="ok"> Opoperation

i-v.Eliezet class="ok"> Niyitegeka,Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Information
v. class="ok"> Ao class="ok"> gustin class="ok"> Biz~a,
Minister class="ok"> ·of class="ok"> Defense
vi. class="ok"> Casimir class="ok"> Bizimu.ngu class="ok"> ,-Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Health
vii. class="ok"> Agnes class="ok"> Nta:mabyaliro, class="ok"> Mhµster class="ok"> ofJustice
Vlll class="ok"> .
Str class="ok"> aton class="ok"> Nsab-u.mukUI)Zi, class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Agriculture class="ok"> and class="ok"> Live.stock
ix. class="ok"> Daniel class="ok"> Mbangara class="ok"> , class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Higher class="ok"> Edu.cation, class="ok"> -Scilmtific class="ok"> Researchand

Culture
x. class="ok"> J class="ok"> ean class="ok"> de class="ok"> Dieu class="ok"> Kamuhanda class="ok"> , class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Higher class="ok"> Bduca class="ok"> tion, class="ok"> 'Research class="ok"> and

Cultur class="ok"> e
J'(alimanzir~ class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> · class="ok"> lntetior class="ok"> and class="ok"> Municipal
Dev class="ok"> elopment
;xii.Ed0'Uard class="ok"> Karemera class="ok"> , class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> 0f class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interior
xiii. class="ok"> Emmanuel class="ok"> Ndindabahizi class="ok"> ~ class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Finance class="ok"> .
xiv.
Prosper. class="ok"> Mugiraneza class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Public class="ok"> Service
xv. class="ok"> .Ancir~ class="ok"> Ntagenn:~ class="ok"> , class="ok"> Ministe class="ok"> r class="ok"> of class="ok"> Transport class="ok"> and class="ok"> Communicati class="ok"> ons
xvL class="ok"> Paoline class="ok"> Nyiramasulruko, class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Family class="ok"> and class="ok"> th.e class="ok"> Promotion class="ok"> ·
xi class="ok"> Callixte

of class="ok"> Wo class="ok"> men
xxii. class="ok"> Andre class="ok"> Rwamakuha, class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Primary class="ok"> and class="ok"> $econdaiy class="ok"> Edu class="ok"> ca class="ok"> tion

xvui. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Ngirabatwar-e, class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> ·ofP~g
-:xix. class="ok"> Calli1.Nzabonimana class="ok"> >Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Youth
xx.
Daniel class="ok"> Mbangura, class="ok"> Director class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Cabinet class="ok"> of class="ok"> .thePresidency
xxi. class="ok"> fus class="ok"> tin class="ok"> Mugenzi, class="ok"> lyti.nister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Commerce class="ok"> , class="ok"> Industry class="ok"> and class="ok"> Handicrafts
xxii. class="ok"> Ana.tole class="ok"> Nsengiyumfa, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gis~yi class="ok"> S_ector
xx.JJ:1.Hyacinthe class="ok"> Nsertgiyunrva class="ok"> Rafiki, class="ok"> Minist& class="ok"> of class="ok"> Publi<;:Works class="ok"> and

Energy
oi class="ok"> Labor class="ok"> and class="ok"> Social class="ok"> Affairs
Gaspard class="ok"> Ruhum class="ok"> :uliza class="ok"> , class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Environment class="ok"> and class="ok"> T_0urism,PDC
xxvi. class="ok"> t
class="ok"> dre class="ok"> Singaye
xxvif. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> ·Theaneste class="ok"> Bag_osora
xxiv. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> de class="ok"> Dieu; class="ok"> Habineza, class="ok"> Mims~

n-v class="ok"> .

xxvi class="ok"> ii. class="ok"> Gratien class="ok"> Kabiligi, class="ok"> Head class="ok"> of class="ok"> th class="ok"> e class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Operations class="ok"> Bureau class="ok"> (G-3)
xxix. class="ok"> A.ruitole. class="ok"> Nsengiyumva1 class="ok"> Com.n-w.1J.d~
of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gisenyi class="ok"> Sector class="ok"> -

x.xx. class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ntabakuze, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> t;h.e'f>aracommando class="ok"> Batallion
xxxi. class="ok"> Au_gµsfinBizimungu, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> Operations class="ok"> · class="ok"> for class="ok"> Ruhengeri
5ecteur class="ok"> and class="ok"> Chi~.fiofStaff class="ok"> 0f class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwa,nd class="ok"> 'an class="ok"> Armyafter class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1.994
lllr.ll

xxxii. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> NcUncUliyimana,Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> Staff'of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gendanneri~

nati.onale
xxxiiL class="ok"> Eran~oi~Xavier class="ok"> Nzuwom~meye, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
Reconnaissance class="ok"> (RECCE)Battalion
nxi class="ok"> v. class="ok"> Innocent class="ok"> Sagahutti, class="ok"> Commcmder class="ok"> of class="ok"> Squadron class="ok"> A class="ok"> 0f class="ok"> the class="ok"> RECCE
"Battalion
xxxv class="ok"> IldeJ>honse class="ok"> Hategekin1ana, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> fhe class="ok"> Ngoma class="ok"> Military
Camp
xxxv'i. class="ok"> Protais class="ok"> Mpiranya,, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> Battalion
XXXVli.
Tharciss~·Muvunyi class="ok"> , class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ecole{de$]sous-officier
s class="ok"> (FSO)
xxx, class="ok"> •ili.
Ild~phQns.e- class="ok"> :N°izeyimana,officer class="ok"> at class="ok"> Ecole class="ok"> [de~) class="ok"> sous..Q/ficier6
(FSO)
xxx~ class="ok"> Samuel class="ok"> Imanishimwe class="ok"> , class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> CYangugu class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Camp
icl. class="ok"> Cql. class="ok"> Tharcisse class="ok"> Renzaho

xl.i. class="ok"> Col class="ok"> Leonidas class="ok"> Rusatira
xiii. class="ok"> l class="ok"> t. class="ok"> Cot. class="ok"> Ephrem class="ok"> S.etako1 class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> division class="ok"> of class="ok"> legal class="ok"> affairs class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Defense
xlui. class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Afoys class="ok"> Simba

(d) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> c0Illlil1mkations class="ok"> with class="ok"> any class="ok"> ex-'FA'RofficiaI,·~y class="ok"> m~mbel'oi class="ok"> the
.former class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Goverrunent, class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> so-called
"Rwand class="ok"> an class="ok"> Governni~ntin class="ok"> I!xile," class="ok"> between class="ok"> July19, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> P.ecember class="ok"> ·31,
1996, class="ok"> i:ncludi.n,gnot class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to:
i. class="ok"> 111eodore class="ok"> Sindiku~wabo
ii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Katnbanda
iii. class="ok"> Callixte class="ok"> Kalimanzira
j_v• class="ok"> •Joseph class="ok"> Karingan.i:re
v. class="ok"> Jerome class="ok"> BicamumJia.ka

"'.L class="ok"> Athanase class="ok"> Gasake
vii. class="ok"> lnnocertt class="ok"> Habamenshi

vrn. class="ok"> Stani.~as class="ok"> Mbona:m.peka
ix. class="ok"> Frederic class="ok"> Kayogora
x. class="ok"> Anat-oleNsengiyumva
xi. class="ok"> A class="ok"> ugus.tin class="ok"> "B~
xii.Andre class="ok"> Bizimana
xiii. class="ok"> Seb~tian class="ok"> Ntahobar.i.
xiv class="ok"> . class="ok"> Cyptien class="ok"> Kayumba
xv. class="ok"> Cyprien class="ok"> Tereraho
(e) class="ok"> ;.ny class="ok"> and· class="ok"> all class="ok"> eommunications class="ok"> or class="ok"> me_e_tings class="ok"> between. class="ok"> French. class="ok"> officials, class="ok"> ·and
, class="ok"> between class="ok"> ].IDle class="ok"> 20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> Deeember class="ok"> 311
UNAMTRand/ class="ok"> or class="ok"> UNREO class="ok"> officialEj
1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to class="ok"> i
i:, class="ok"> Herny class="ok"> Anyidoho, class="ok"> deputy
Ghanaian class="ok"> troops class="ok"> (Ghana)

commander-in-chief class="ok"> , class="ok"> commander

of

ii. class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Walter class="ok"> Balis class="ok"> (Belgium), class="ok"> , class="ok"> ,Deputy class="ok"> Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> Operations class="ok"> of
UNAMIR
iii. class="ok"> Br class="ok"> ent class="ok"> Beardsley class="ok"> (Canada), class="ok"> Gen. class="ok"> DaJlaire~s class="ok"> assistant
iv. class="ok"> Jacqu~s-Roger class="ok"> Booh-Booh, class="ok"> Special class="ok"> Representative class="ok"> ,of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Secretary
General class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda
v. class="ok"> Romeo class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> ·General; class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> (Canada)
vL class="ok"> Amadpu class="ok"> Deme, class="ok"> captain, class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> officer class="ok"> (Senegal)
vii. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Dewez, class="ok"> colonel, class="ok"> commanding class="ok"> the class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> battalion class="ok"> , class="ok"> Kibat

(Belgium)
VIIL

Mbaye class="ok"> Diagne, class="ok"> .captain, class="ok"> military class="ok"> observer class="ok"> (Senegal class="ok"> )

ix. class="ok"> Babacar class="ok"> (or class="ok"> Bubacar) class="ok"> Faye, class="ok"> captain class="ok"> (Senegal)
x. class="ok"> Moctar class="ok"> Gueye~ class="ok"> deputy class="ok"> spokesperson class="ok"> for class="ok"> UNAMIR
xi. class="ok"> Somalia class="ok"> Iliya, class="ok"> Lieutenant-Colonel, class="ok"> military class="ok"> observer class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> secto class="ok"> r
in class="ok"> northern class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (Nigeria)
xii. class="ok"> Abdul class="ok"> Kabia class="ok"> (Sierra class="ok"> Leone), class="ok"> Acting class="ok"> Executive class="ok"> Director class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR
xiii. class="ok"> Nlamadou class="ok"> Kane, class="ok"> Booh-Booh class="ok"> Policy class="ok"> Advisor
xiv, class="ok"> Don class="ok"> MacNeil., class="ok"> Major, class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> HumJutltarian class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Cell
(Canada)
xv. class="ok"> Luc class="ok"> Marchal, class="ok"> colon~l, class="ok"> commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> sector class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR
(Belgium)
Cheri£ class="ok"> El class="ok"> Oualide class="ok"> Mbodj, class="ok"> captain class="ok"> (Senegal)
xvi.
xvii class="ok"> Pierr class="ok"> e class="ok"> Mehu, class="ok"> spokesperson class="ok"> for class="ok"> UNAMIR
xviii. class="ok"> Colo class="ok"> nel class="ok"> Moen class="ok"> (Pakistan), class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> UN class="ok"> AMIR class="ok"> operations
xix.
Colonel class="ok"> Nazrul, class="ok"> commander class="ok"> 0£the class="ok"> Bangladeshi class="ok"> battalion
xx. class="ok"> Gilbert class="ok"> Ngijol, class="ok"> assistant class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Booh-Booh class="ok"> Special class="ok"> Repres.entative
KKi. class="ok"> Maree class="ok"> .Pajik, class="ok"> Major class="ok"> (Poland)
xxfi. class="ok"> Jean~Guy class="ok"> Plante class="ok"> " class="ok"> Major, class="ok"> Media class="ok"> Officer class="ok"> (Canada)
xxiiL- class="ok"> Luc class="ok"> Racine, class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Observer class="ok"> (Canada)
xxiv class="ok"> . class="ok"> Mamadou class="ok"> Sarr, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> (Senegal)
xxv. class="ok"> Joe class="ok"> Sills, class="ok"> spokesman class="ok"> for class="ok"> UNAMIR
xxvi. class="ok"> Stefan class="ok"> Stec, class="ok"> ~jor class="ok"> (Poland)
xx.vii. class="ok"> Samba class="ok"> Tall; class="ok"> capt_ain, class="ok"> military class="ok"> observer class="ok"> (Senegal)
xxviii. class="ok"> Isoa class="ok"> Tikoka, class="ok"> Colonel, class="ok"> Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> !1ilitary class="ok"> Observer
Group class="ok"> (Fiji)
xxix. class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> VanPutten class="ok"> , class="ok"> captain, class="ok"> aide-de-camp class="ok"> of class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> (Nether class="ok"> lands)
xxx. class="ok"> But-ch class="ok"> Waldrum class="ok"> .,Logistics class="ok"> Advisor
xxxi. class="ok"> Clay class="ok"> ton class="ok"> Yaache class="ok"> (Ghana)
(f) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> confrontations class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> with class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> between
June class="ok"> 20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> Au class="ok"> .gust class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994;

(g) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> known class="ok"> instances class="ok"> of class="ok"> threats class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> lives class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ,
any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> respons~s class="ok"> to class="ok"> those class="ok"> threats class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> or- class="ok"> others, class="ok"> or class="ok"> the class="ok"> absen class="ok"> ce class="ok"> of class="ok"> response class="ok"> to class="ok"> those class="ok"> thteats, class="ok"> from class="ok"> June class="ok"> 20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> to class="ok"> December class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994;

(I})

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ranks class="ok"> deployed class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> . class="ok"> as class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> Operation class="ok"> TW'quoise;

(i) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> _al] class="ok"> complaints class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> conduct class="ok"> of class="ok"> any class="ok"> French class="ok"> militl!.rf class="ok"> o_fficialor
officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> , class="ok"> l?etween class="ok"> June-20, class="ok"> 1.994and class="ok"> December class="ok"> 31. class="ok"> 1994;

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hi:salle_ged class="ok"> cond class="ok"> net class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ,,between class="ok"> June class="ok"> 20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> ·oa.'€1llber class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994;
(k) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> ;md class="ok"> all class="ok"> km;iwn class="ok"> roadblocks, class="ok"> any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> respons.es class="ok"> to class="ok"> those class="ok"> roadb class="ok"> locks class="ok"> by
French class="ok"> official$.or class="ok"> others class="ok"> , class="ok"> or class="ok"> the class="ok"> absence class="ok"> of class="ok"> r-esponse class="ok"> to class="ok"> those class="ok"> threats, class="ok"> . class="ok"> from class="ok"> Jun class="ok"> e
20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> to class="ok"> A.u~t31 class="ok"> , class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
(l)

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limited class="ok"> t'o class="ok"> th·e class="ok"> broadca'SJli class="ok"> themselves, class="ok"> any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> discussion class="ok"> of class="ok"> terminating
RTLM class="ok"> broadcasts, class="ok"> and class="ok"> any class="ok"> an:d class="ok"> all class="ok"> communications class="ok"> wjth class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> officials class="ok"> ,
officers class="ok"> , class="ok"> directors class="ok"> oremployees,

(m)

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betw-een class="ok"> June class="ok"> 15, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> December class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994.

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1994i!nd class="ok"> December class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994;
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recognize class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Goverrui1ent class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> fegi~te
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between class="ok"> 1D1e20, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> Decembe class="ok"> r class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1994;

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plans class="ok"> for class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> -military class="ok"> ass class="ok"> .ets class="ok"> to class="ok"> deploy
to class="ok"> Klgali class="ok"> Jeadin_g-qpto class="ok"> or-during class="ok"> Operation class="ok"> Turqu·olse;
(q) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> clo<:uments class="ok"> pertaining class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> poss1ble class="ok"> par class="ok"> tition class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ,
including class="ok"> bu class="ok"> t class="ok"> rto.t class="ok"> limited class="ok"> t_o class="ok"> the class="ok"> _formation class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> ''.Hutuland class="ok"> " class="ok"> or class="ok"> foanao:on class="ok"> of
"Tutsiland class="ok"> " class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda;

(1:)Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> dOCUJnents class="ok"> responsive class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> document class="ok"> requests class="ok"> issued class="ok"> by
Monsieur class="ok"> da class="ok"> ude class="ok"> Ch:oquet class="ok"> lfild class="ok"> n0t class="ok"> provi class="ok"> ded class="ok"> to class="ok"> ilie class="ok"> Tribunal class="ok"> de class="ok"> Grande
Instance class="ok"> de class="ok"> Paris.
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and class="ok"> wamirigs class="ok"> about class="ok"> tl'i"em.

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Humanitarian class="ok"> Zon class="ok"> e class="ok"> estat>lisbed class="ok"> irt class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> , class="ok"> in class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> llmi.ted class="ok"> to:
(a) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> conunwications class="ok"> . class="ok"> and class="ok"> draft class="ok"> memoranda
establishm class="ok"> ent class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone;

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Zone class="ok"> for class="ok"> any class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Government class="ok"> offidal;· class="ok"> any class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> official; class="ok"> any
member class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> militia class="ok"> (sum class="ok"> as class="ok"> thefnterahamwe); class="ok"> any class="ok"> officer class="ok"> , class="ok"> dp-ed:or, class="ok"> or class="ok"> e01ployee
of class="ok"> RTLM; class="ok"> or class="ok"> apyone class="ok"> : class="ok"> ~wn
to class="ok"> hav.e class="ok"> harmed°' class="ok"> killed class="ok"> or class="ok"> threatened class="ok"> to class="ok"> ham, class="ok"> or

kill class="ok"> a class="ok"> civilian;
(c) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> an class="ok"> d class="ok"> all class="ok"> .contact class="ok"> wii:h class="ok"> any class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Governmentoftidal; class="ok"> any class="ok"> .FAR
official class="ok"> ; class="ok"> any class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> militia class="ok"> (such class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> litterah.am1..t
1e);any class="ok"> officer, class="ok"> director class="ok"> ,
or class="ok"> emplo class="ok"> yee class="ok"> of class="ok"> RTLM; class="ok"> or class="ok"> anyone class="ok"> known class="ok"> kJ'have class="ok"> harmed class="ok"> , class="ok"> killed class="ok"> or class="ok"> threatened
to class="ok"> harm class="ok"> or class="ok"> kill:a class="ok"> civilian class="ok"> in class="ok"> Zaire, class="ok"> including class="ok"> .but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to class="ok"> Go.ma, class="ok"> Zaire class="ok"> and
·within. class="ok"> any class="ok"> refugee class="ok"> camp;

(d) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> a1Jcommunications class="ok"> wJfhofficials class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> N class="ok"> ations class="ok"> ~ class="ok"> including
membe class="ok"> r class="ok"> States class="ok"> ., class="ok"> regar-dtng class="ok"> whether class="ok"> to class="ok"> arrest class="ok"> or class="ok"> detain class="ok"> any class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan
Government class="ok"> official class="ok"> ; class="ok"> any class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> official; class="ok"> any class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> militia class="ok"> (such class="ok"> as class="ok"> the
Jntemlzannue); class="ok"> any class="ok"> offk:er; class="ok"> director class="ok"> , class="ok"> or class="ok"> employ~ class="ok"> of class="ok"> RTI.lvl; class="ok"> or class="ok"> anyone class="ok"> kn class="ok"> own class="ok"> to
have class="ok"> ham.ed, class="ok"> killed class="ok"> or class="ok"> tltreatened class="ok"> to class="ok"> harn.1 class="ok"> or class="ok"> kiU.a,ciyilian class="ok"> ;
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(f) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> an class="ok"> co.mmunic_aiions class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> .activjty class="ok"> wi class="ok"> thin class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe

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of class="ok"> its class="ok"> officials. class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> militias class="ok"> (or class="ok"> any class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> members) class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Humanitarian
Zone class="ok"> .
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the class="ok"> looting class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> assets class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> movement class="ok"> throu class="ok"> gh class="ok"> the class="ok"> Saie
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with class="ok"> officials class="ok"> of class="ok"> 'the class="ok"> Inte class="ok"> rim class="ok"> Rwan_dan
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RequesLNo~ class="ok"> 6~Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> .and class="ok"> comman.ications class="ok"> . class="ok"> :related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda
.and class="ok"> P.a:uJ_
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tasks class="ok"> Telated class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> &:om class="ok"> January1, class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> through class="ok"> D.eceml;rer31~1995.

Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 7~·Any class="ok"> and

~

documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> ·commurtications class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Operation

Noro'it

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1994.and class="ok"> April class="ok"> 18, class="ok"> -1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> butnofJ.imiteQ. class="ok"> to class="ok"> :

(a) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> ; class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> communications
Rwandan class="ok"> Governmen class="ok"> t;

related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> establishment

of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interim

(b) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> communications class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> approved class="ok"> or class="ok"> disapprove
by class="ok"> ·Fre11chofficials class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> provided class="ok"> .r.efuge class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> in class="ok"> I(c) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> com.municati.0nsrelated class="ok"> .t0.Rwandans class="ok"> approved class="ok"> and
disappr class="ok"> oved class="ok"> by class="ok"> _French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> evacuated class="ok"> dwing class="ok"> Op.eration class="ok"> Amaryllis,
With.-specWcrnfere class="ok"> nce class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> natiqnalliy class="ok"> (including class="ok"> honorary class="ok"> Pr.e.nch
citizenship) class="ok"> ·conferred class="ok"> upon class="ok"> any class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> whose class="ok"> names class="ok"> were
conside class="ok"> red class="ok"> ;
(d) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> communication,s class="ok"> th~tsnppor class="ok"> t class="ok"> the class="ok"> .conclusion class="ok"> that class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 3.94
Rwan.dais class="ok"> ·evacu:ated class="ok"> during class="ok"> Operatfon class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> they class="ok"> were class="ok"> "40% class="ok"> Tutsi'.60%
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Tome class="ok"> Il., class="ok"> Annexes class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> "ChronologfoDe class="ok"> La class="ok"> Ctise class="ok"> Rwandaise class="ok"> (mise class="ok"> a class="ok"> jow- class="ok"> du
17 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1~8)'1);,
(e) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> .all class="ok"> comnm.nications class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> t:he class="ok"> denial class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> goven1ment
of class="ok"> asylum class="ok"> rothe class="ok"> five class="ok"> children class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Prim~ class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> Agathe
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Rwandan class="ok"> Government class="ok"> Forces class="ok"> on class="ok"> April class="ok"> 7, class="ok"> 1994.
f) class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> comm..unications class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> fhe class="ok"> dea_ths class="ok"> of class="ok"> Otief class="ok"> Warrant class="ok"> Officer
Alain class="ok"> Didot, class="ok"> hls class="ok"> ~e class="ok"> · class="ok"> Gilda class="ok"> Lana, class="ok"> and class="ok"> ChiefWcm"a.ntOfficer class="ok"> Rene class="ok"> Maier class="ok"> ,

Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 9~Anyand class="ok"> all class="ok"> docu,ments class="ok"> and·communications,.from class="ok"> Janu.ary class="ok"> 1~1991
tht,bug'h,Ju.Iy
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harass-or class="ok"> harm class="ok"> tutsi class="ok"> civilians.

Request class="ok"> No. class="ok"> 10: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> ; class="ok"> and class="ok"> QO,mmunitations class="ok"> rel~ted class="ok"> tg class="ok"> the
downing class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Falcon class="ok"> 50, class="ok"> on class="ok"> April class="ok"> .6( class="ok"> 1994.

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1995, class="ok"> r_elated. class="ok"> t~ class="ok"> R'.W,8nda
.

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related class="ok"> b;, class="ok"> Rwanda

Request.No, class="ok"> 13: class="ok"> Anyand class="ok"> all class="ok"> cale~s
to class="ok"> Decemb~r class="ok"> 31,;1995, class="ok"> for~

~diarie&-or class="ok"> datebooks, class="ok"> frori1January class="ok"> t~199.0

(a) class="ok"> Cla class="ok"> u class="ok"> de class="ok"> Aroa class="ok"> iid
(b) class="ok"> Serge class="ok"> B.oudevaiK
(c) class="ok"> Ja~ues class="ok"> Bouzerand

(dJNathalie class="ok"> 'Brio.t
(e) class="ok"> :Cql. class="ok"> G:ilber~Canovas
(f) class="ok"> Jaf;ques class="ok"> ~out class="ok"> bin

(g) class="ok"> BernardC~ac
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(i) class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> D.ela
ye

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(l) class="ok"> Roland class="ok"> DUillas
(m) class="ok"> Miche class="ok"> le class="ok"> 'Fra.mion-Buguet
(rt) class="ok"> Francois class="ok"> Qaufhier(o) class="ok"> YanniakGerar class="ok"> d

'(p)Rm1mondG_ermanos
(q) class="ok"> Cpt. class="ok"> Ma:ttm class="ok"> Gillier
(r) class="ok"> Je~ class="ok"> )-iei;nti,cl.1
(s) class="ok"> Col class="ok"> )"acques class="ok"> Hpgard
(t) class="ok"> J~an-l1..~re class="ok"> littchon
·(u).Phillippe class="ok"> Jehanne
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(x) class="ok"> Gen.-Jean class="ok"> Claude class="ok"> Lafourcade
(y) class="ok"> Adm. class="ok"> JacquesLanxade
(z) class="ok"> Col class="ok"> Ch class="ok"> ristian class="ok"> Lareau
(aa) class="ok"> Jean-Mich~ class="ok"> Marlaud
(bb) class="ok"> Geor class="ok"> ges class="ok"> Martres
(cc) class="ok"> Brig. class="ok"> Gen class="ok"> . class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> -JacquesM~urin
(dd class="ok"> ) class="ok"> Gen. class="ok"> Laur class="ok"> entMichaud
(ee) class="ok"> Fran class="ok"> f class="ok"> ois class="ok"> Mitterrand
(ff)Je.an~Christo class="ok"> phe class="ok"> Mitterrand
(gg) class="ok"> JeawJ~que class="ok"> s class="ok"> Mouline
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(ii) class="ok"> Dominiqu_-e
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(nun) class="ok"> Mich class="ok"> el class="ok"> Rob.ard~y
(nn) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier
(oo') class="ok"> Michel class="ok"> Roussin
(pp) class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> -Marc.Simon
(qq) class="ok"> Col class="ok"> 0 class="ok"> [dfer class="ok"> Tauzin
(x:r)JeanVarret
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(tt) class="ok"> Gilles class="ok"> Vidal
(uu)
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Ben1ard class="ok"> Zimmermann

Request class="ok"> No. class="ok"> 14:Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documems.and class="ok"> communica class="ok"> tions class="ok"> relat class="ok"> ed class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> and
all class="ok"> com..m
:g.nications class="ok"> be,tween class="ok"> any class="ok"> ot class="ok"> the class="ok"> individl.lals class="ok"> listed class="ok"> m class="ok"> Requ class="ok"> est class="ok"> N'o. class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> with
Rwand~ class="ok"> officials class="ok"> , class="ok"> betcween class="ok"> October~ class="ok"> , class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> anq class="ok"> Pecember class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1995.

Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 15! class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> 'documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> .communi:cation class="ok"> s class="ok"> I class="ok"> ela,t:ed class="ok"> to class="ok"> an_y
communications class="ok"> (evg,, class="ok"> .nbtes, class="ok"> cables, class="ok"> memoranda)' class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwart.dar class="ok"> which class="ok"> .any class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
indNi.duals class="ok"> listed class="ok"> in class="ok"> Request class="ok"> No. class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> ., class="ok"> sent, class="ok"> received class="ok"> or class="ok"> ·on class="ok"> which class="ok"> they class="ok"> were class="ok"> copied,
between class="ok"> October class="ok"> l, class="ok"> ·1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> December class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1995.

Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 16. class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> commuruca,.tions class="ok"> relat class="ok"> ~d class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
purchas class="ok"> e, class="ok"> transf class="ok"> er class="ok"> dr class="ok"> shipment class="ok"> of class="ok"> any class="ok"> weaponry class="ok"> , class="ok"> ammunition class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> ,mili class="ok"> tary
equipment class="ok"> into class="ok"> Rw class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> or class="ok"> Zair class="ok"> e, class="ok"> from class="ok"> Jat1uary1, class="ok"> 1994,through class="ok"> D.ecei,nber class="ok"> 31, class="ok"> 1995 class="ok"> by:
i'.

Th class="ok"> e class="ok"> Frend class="ok"> governm class="ok"> ent~including class="ok"> military

or class="ok"> securi class="ok"> o/. class="ok"> servic.es;

ii
iii class="ok"> .

xv·,

FLrnded class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> gov.ernmentor class="ok"> French class="ok"> banks, class="ok"> including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited
to class="ok"> Banque class="ok"> Natfonale class="ok"> de class="ok"> Faris class="ok"> ;French class="ok"> com.panies, class="ok"> including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to class="ok"> .Sofremas, class="ok"> DYL class="ok"> Invest class="ok"> ,
Luthaite class="ok"> , class="ok"> 0r class="ok"> Thomson class="ok"> Brandt class="ok"> Armements; class="ok"> and/ class="ok"> or

Mil-Tee.

Request class="ok"> No. class="ok"> ·17: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> ill class="ok"> documents class="ok"> , class="ok"> and class="ok"> cotnn}unfoatio.Illi class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
purchase, class="ok"> transfer class="ok"> or class="ok"> sbipment class="ok"> ·of class="ok"> any class="ok"> coilliJU.lnications class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> into class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> or class="ok"> Zaire,
from class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> th!ough class="ok"> Decenlbe,r31, class="ok"> 1995.
Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 18: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documentaliort class="ok"> rela.t.ed class="ok"> to class="ok"> diseussiqns class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> United
Nations class="ok"> Seeurity class="ok"> Council class="ok"> ("tJNSC class="ok"> '') class="ok"> regar.cling:
(a) class="ok"> French class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Juvenal class="ok"> Habyarirnaiia class="ok"> government class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> from
October class="ok"> 1~90· class="ok"> --April class="ok"> .1994;
(b) class="ok"> Positions class="ok"> taken class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> French class="ok"> offici~J class="ok"> ~fore class="ok"> the

UNSC;
(c) class="ok"> TI1e class="ok"> development, class="ok"> n.egotiation, class="ok"> exeeution class="ok"> and class="ok"> implementation class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
Accords class="ok"> ;
(d).UN class="ok"> AMIR;
(e) class="ok"> The class="ok"> Gen class="ok"> ocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> ;

.Arusna

(£) class="ok"> UNAMIRTI,
(g) class="ok"> Francer class="ok"> s class="ok"> request class="ok"> for class="ok"> authorization class="ok"> for class="ok"> an class="ok"> i:rttetvention class="ok"> into class="ok"> Rw:andatin class="ok"> 1994j
(h) class="ok"> The class="ok"> ~e class="ok"> Humanit.a.rum class="ok"> Zone;
(l) class="ok"> ArresJs. class="ok"> or class="ok"> detentions class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocidaires
in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> states;
(i) class="ok"> Exttadi class="ok"> .tion class="ok"> and class="ok"> pIOSecution class="ok"> of class="ok"> individuals
charged class="ok"> Witb class="ok"> tomn_utting
internati class="ok"> onal class="ok"> O'iines class="ok"> · class="ok"> (e.g.r class="ok"> genoci4e.1crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity) class="ok"> agains.t class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tum
civilian class="ok"> s, class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> ·Tutst class="ok"> -in class="ok"> ,Rwanda.

Request class="ok"> No. class="ok"> 19~Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> cpmmunica~ons class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French
soldiers, class="ok"> DGSE, class="ok"> and/ class="ok"> ox class="ok"> any class="ok"> individual class="ok"> woriking class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> behest class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> · class="ok"> French class="ok"> government
in class="ok"> ;Rwanda-between class="ok"> April class="ok"> 15, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> 'and

June20, class="ok"> 1994-.

Reguest class="ok"> No class="ok"> . class="ok"> 20: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> communiQ ions class="ok"> related class="ok"> ·to class="ok"> the class="ok"> use class="ok"> of
ethnic class="ok"> ID class="ok"> cards class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwand~, class="ok"> between class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994.

Request class="ok"> N0. class="ok"> 21.; class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> c.ommnaications class="ok"> r~Wed class="ok"> to class="ok"> warnings class="ok"> ·
bout class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> killings class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> , class="ok"> state-spons0rship class="ok"> of class="ok"> tbem.,
massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> at class="ok"> Bugesera
in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> ~ class="ok"> d class="ok"> any· class="ok"> other class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> a· class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> from
October class="ok"> 1990

tO class="ok"> Jul class="ok"> ~,;i.994.

Request class="ok"> Nn. class="ok"> 22: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> :documents class="ok"> · class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> dated class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1
October1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> drafte4 class="ok"> by class="ok"> .Nicolas class="ok"> Coniere, class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> SalvyJJean class="ok"> Louis
Nicolas; class="ok"> Philippe class="ok"> Molle, class="ok"> Joel class="ok"> Warembourg, class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> D~, class="ok"> ;Mich~l class="ok"> Robarday, class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> other
French class="ok"> official class="ok"> wh class="ok"> a class="ok"> advised class="ok"> or class="ok"> assisted class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Gendarm~rie class="ok"> in class="ok"> that class="ok"> ti.m.$ame.

Request class="ok"> No class="ok"> .. class="ok"> 23: class="ok"> Any class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> : class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> dated class="ok"> bemreen class="ok"> 1
October class="ok"> 19901 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> Ap class="ok"> ril class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> by,sent class="ok"> to, class="ok"> or class="ok"> received class="ok"> by class="ok"> Gilles class="ok"> Chollet, class="ok"> Etienne
Joubert,.J~cquesRosier,.Jean.:LouisNabia:sfBernard class="ok"> Cussac., class="ok"> Didier class="ok"> Tauzin, class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> other
French class="ok"> official class="ok"> who class="ok"> w~ class="ok"> a class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Detache_ment class="ok"> d; class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Mllitaire class="ok"> (otherwise
kw class="ok"> own class="ok"> as class="ok"> "DAMI class="ok"> '"'}Panda, class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> d'"Assistance class="ok"> Militare class="ok"> (otherwise class="ok"> known class="ok"> as class="ok"> "MAM:")
or class="ok"> advised., class="ok"> assisted class="ok"> ,: class="ok"> OI class="ok"> provided class="ok"> instruction class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> in class="ok"> that

REPUBLIC class="ok"> OF class="ok"> RWANDA

Kigali class="ok"> [stamp:] class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> MAY class="ok"> 2019
No. class="ok"> [handwritten:] class="ok"> 1248/082 class="ok"> UP/IJJCD

MINISTRY class="ok"> OF class="ok"> JUSTICE
B.P. class="ok"> 160 class="ok"> KIGALI

Honorable class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> and class="ok"> International class="ok"> Cooperation
KIGALI

RE class="ok"> : class="ok"> Transmission class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> letter class="ok"> requesting class="ok"> documents class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France

Hon. class="ok"> Minister,

I class="ok"> am class="ok"> pleased class="ok"> to class="ok"> forward class="ok"> for class="ok"> your class="ok"> kind class="ok"> attention class="ok"> the class="ok"> attached class="ok"> letter class="ok"> requesting class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of
France class="ok"> the class="ok"> disclosure class="ok"> of class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> for class="ok"> onward class="ok"> transmission class="ok"> to class="ok"> tire class="ok"> competent class="ok"> authority class="ok"> in class="ok"> France.
Enclosed, class="ok"> please class="ok"> find class="ok"> attached class="ok"> the class="ok"> lists class="ok"> of class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> communications class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of
Rwanda class="ok"> would class="ok"> like class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> to class="ok"> declassify.
Sincerely,
[signature]

[stamp:] class="ok"> MINISTRY class="ok"> OF class="ok"> JUSTICE

BUSINGYE class="ok"> Johnston
Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Justice class="ok"> and class="ok"> Attorney class="ok"> General

Sans class="ok"> frais class="ok"> : class="ok"> MTN class="ok"> : class="ok"> 3936/Airtel class="ok"> : class="ok"> 3736 class="ok"> Site class="ok"> Web class="ok"> : class="ok"> www.minijust.gov.rw class="ok"> E-mail class="ok"> : class="ok"> mjust@www.minijust.gov.rw

: class="ok"> @Rwanda_Justice

Minijust class="ok"> Rwanda

RÉPUBLIQUE class="ok"> DU class="ok"> RWANDA

Kigali class="ok"> [tampon class="ok"> :] class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> MAI class="ok"> 2019
Nº class="ok"> [manuscrit class="ok"> :] class="ok"> 1248/084 class="ok"> UP/IJJCD

MINISTÈRE class="ok"> DE class="ok"> LA class="ok"> JUSTICE
B.P. class="ok"> 160 class="ok"> KIGALI

Monsieur class="ok"> le class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Justice
République class="ok"> française
PARIS

RE class="ok"> : class="ok"> Demande class="ok"> de class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> au class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> de class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis

Monsieur class="ok"> le class="ok"> Ministre,
Par class="ok"> cette class="ok"> lettre, class="ok"> le class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> du class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> demande class="ok"> respectueusement class="ok"> au class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français
de class="ok"> déclassifier class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> produire class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> autres class="ok"> pièces class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> de class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> contre
les class="ok"> Tutsis. class="ok"> Le class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> de class="ok"> cette class="ok"> année class="ok"> a class="ok"> marqué class="ok"> le class="ok"> 25e class="ok"> anniversaire class="ok"> du class="ok"> début class="ok"> du class="ok"> génocide. class="ok"> L’histoire
du class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis class="ok"> est class="ok"> d’une class="ok"> grave class="ok"> et class="ok"> profonde class="ok"> importance class="ok"> pour class="ok"> le class="ok"> Gouvernement class="ok"> et class="ok"> le
peuple class="ok"> rwandais, class="ok"> et class="ok"> nous class="ok"> demandons class="ok"> la class="ok"> coopération class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> pour class="ok"> faire class="ok"> en class="ok"> sorte class="ok"> que class="ok"> cette
histoire class="ok"> soit class="ok"> comprise class="ok"> dans class="ok"> son class="ok"> intégralité.

Nous class="ok"> estimons, class="ok"> avec class="ok"> tout class="ok"> notre class="ok"> respect, class="ok"> que class="ok"> les class="ok"> gouvernements class="ok"> et class="ok"> les class="ok"> peuples class="ok"> des class="ok"> deux class="ok"> pays class="ok"> ont class="ok"> un
profond class="ok"> intérêt class="ok"> à class="ok"> établir class="ok"> la class="ok"> vérité class="ok"> sur class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> perpétré class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis. class="ok"> Pour class="ok"> les class="ok"> Rwandais, class="ok"> il
s’agit class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> des class="ok"> événements class="ok"> majeurs class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’histoire class="ok"> de class="ok"> notre class="ok"> pays. class="ok"> Pour class="ok"> le class="ok"> peuple class="ok"> français, class="ok"> cela
apporterait class="ok"> une class="ok"> évaluation class="ok"> honnête class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> conduite class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda.

L’accès class="ok"> aux class="ok"> documents class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> est class="ok"> essentiel class="ok"> pour class="ok"> établir class="ok"> l’intégralité class="ok"> de class="ok"> cette
histoire. class="ok"> Tant class="ok"> que class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> ne class="ok"> déclassifiera class="ok"> pas class="ok"> et class="ok"> ne class="ok"> produira class="ok"> pas class="ok"> ses class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> le class="ok"> public
continuera class="ok"> à class="ok"> s’interroger class="ok"> sur class="ok"> le class="ok"> rôle class="ok"> précis class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les
Tutsis.
Dans class="ok"> un class="ok"> premier class="ok"> temps, class="ok"> nous class="ok"> vous class="ok"> demandons class="ok"> d’établir class="ok"> un class="ok"> processus class="ok"> afin class="ok"> que class="ok"> l’ensemble class="ok"> des
documents class="ok"> pertinents class="ok"> puisse class="ok"> être class="ok"> produit class="ok"> et class="ok"> transféré class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> pour class="ok"> y class="ok"> être class="ok"> examiné. class="ok"> Pour
commencer class="ok"> ce class="ok"> processus, class="ok"> nous class="ok"> joignons class="ok"> une class="ok"> annexe class="ok"> indiquant class="ok"> le class="ok"> type class="ok"> de class="ok"> documents class="ok"> que class="ok"> nous
recherchons class="ok"> et class="ok"> des class="ok"> suggestions class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> leur class="ok"> production. class="ok"> Au class="ok"> fur class="ok"> et class="ok"> à class="ok"> mesure class="ok"> que class="ok"> les class="ok"> choses
avancent class="ok"> et class="ok"> que class="ok"> l’enquête class="ok"> se class="ok"> poursuit, class="ok"> nous class="ok"> pouvons class="ok"> identifier class="ok"> d’autres class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> travailler class="ok"> en
Sans class="ok"> frais class="ok"> : class="ok"> MTN class="ok"> : class="ok"> 3936/Airtel class="ok"> : class="ok"> 3736 class="ok"> Site class="ok"> Web class="ok"> : class="ok"> www.minijust.gov.rw class="ok"> E-mail class="ok"> : class="ok"> mjust@www.minijust.gov.rw

: class="ok"> @Rwanda_Justice

Minijust class="ok"> Rwanda

étroite class="ok"> collaboration class="ok"> avec class="ok"> les class="ok"> personnes class="ok"> chargées class="ok"> de class="ok"> recueillir class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> produire class="ok"> les class="ok"> informations. class="ok"> Des
questions class="ok"> telles class="ok"> que class="ok"> la class="ok"> déclassification, class="ok"> la class="ok"> confidentialité class="ok"> et class="ok"> d’autres class="ok"> facteurs class="ok"> peuvent class="ok"> être
pleinement class="ok"> évaluées, class="ok"> en class="ok"> tenant class="ok"> compte class="ok"> des class="ok"> intérêts class="ok"> légitimes class="ok"> de class="ok"> chaque class="ok"> pays.

Permettez-moi class="ok"> de class="ok"> conclure class="ok"> sur class="ok"> une class="ok"> note class="ok"> personnelle. class="ok"> Chaque class="ok"> personne class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> demeure
affectée class="ok"> par class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis. class="ok"> En class="ok"> avril, class="ok"> période class="ok"> où class="ok"> nous class="ok"> commençons class="ok"> Kwibuka, class="ok"> nos
100 class="ok"> jours class="ok"> de class="ok"> commémoration, class="ok"> nous class="ok"> nous class="ok"> remémorons class="ok"> une class="ok"> fois class="ok"> de class="ok"> plus class="ok"> la class="ok"> nécessité class="ok"> vitale class="ok"> d’une
histoire class="ok"> entière class="ok"> et class="ok"> précise. class="ok"> Sans class="ok"> une class="ok"> étude class="ok"> honnête class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’histoire, class="ok"> nous class="ok"> courons class="ok"> le class="ok"> risque class="ok"> que class="ok"> de class="ok"> tels
événements class="ok"> se class="ok"> reproduisent. class="ok"> Nous class="ok"> sommes class="ok"> conscients class="ok"> et class="ok"> guidés class="ok"> par class="ok"> le class="ok"> fait class="ok"> évident class="ok"> que class="ok"> ceux class="ok"> qui class="ok"> ne
connaissent class="ok"> pas class="ok"> l’histoire class="ok"> sont class="ok"> condamnés class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> répéter. class="ok"> La class="ok"> mémoire class="ok"> des class="ok"> personnes class="ok"> décédées class="ok"> et
blessées class="ok"> devrait class="ok"> être class="ok"> honorée class="ok"> par class="ok"> un class="ok"> investissement class="ok"> complet class="ok"> des class="ok"> deux class="ok"> gouvernements class="ok"> dans class="ok"> cette
entreprise. class="ok"> Nous class="ok"> sommes class="ok"> conscients class="ok"> que class="ok"> de class="ok"> nombreuses class="ok"> personnes class="ok"> en class="ok"> France class="ok"> s’interrogent class="ok"> sur
certains class="ok"> événements class="ok"> qui class="ok"> ont class="ok"> joué class="ok"> un class="ok"> rôle class="ok"> central class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide. class="ok"> Travaillons class="ok"> ensemble class="ok"> pour
trouver class="ok"> une class="ok"> façon class="ok"> d’aller class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’avant class="ok"> et class="ok"> pour class="ok"> que class="ok"> ces class="ok"> événements class="ok"> soient class="ok"> étudiés class="ok"> ouvertement class="ok"> et
honnêtement.
Je class="ok"> vous class="ok"> remercie class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’attention class="ok"> que class="ok"> vous class="ok"> portez class="ok"> à class="ok"> ces class="ok"> questions.
Cordialement,
[signature]

[tampon class="ok"> :] class="ok"> MINISTÈRE class="ok"> DE class="ok"> LA class="ok"> JUSTICE

BUSINGYE class="ok"> Johnston
Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Justice class="ok"> et class="ok"> Procureur class="ok"> général
CC
Monsieur class="ok"> le class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Affaires class="ok"> étrangères class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Coopération class="ok"> internationale
KIGALI

Sans class="ok"> frais class="ok"> : class="ok"> MTN class="ok"> : class="ok"> 3936/Airtel class="ok"> : class="ok"> 3736 class="ok"> Site class="ok"> Web class="ok"> : class="ok"> www.minijust.gov.rw class="ok"> E-mail class="ok"> : class="ok"> mjust@www.minijust.gov.rw

: class="ok"> @Rwanda_Justice

Minijust class="ok"> Rwanda

Annexe class="ok"> A
Définitions
Les class="ok"> termes class="ok"> suivants class="ok"> utilisés class="ok"> dans class="ok"> les class="ok"> demandes class="ok"> ci-dessous class="ok"> doivent class="ok"> être class="ok"> compris class="ok"> en class="ok"> utilisant class="ok"> les
définitions class="ok"> fournies class="ok"> ici.
1. class="ok"> Les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sont class="ok"> tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> écrits, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> les class="ok"> lettres, class="ok"> les class="ok"> e-mails, class="ok"> les
mémorandums, class="ok"> les class="ok"> télégrammes, class="ok"> les class="ok"> notes, class="ok"> les class="ok"> fiches class="ok"> particulières, class="ok"> les class="ok"> rapports, class="ok"> les class="ok"> ordres
militaires, class="ok"> les class="ok"> communiqués class="ok"> de class="ok"> presse, class="ok"> les class="ok"> cartes, class="ok"> les class="ok"> calendriers, class="ok"> les class="ok"> journaux, class="ok"> les class="ok"> agendas,
les class="ok"> organigrammes, class="ok"> les class="ok"> enregistrements class="ok"> audio class="ok"> ou class="ok"> vidéo class="ok"> et class="ok"> les class="ok"> photographies.
2. class="ok"> Les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> sont class="ok"> tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> écrits class="ok"> ou class="ok"> enregistrements class="ok"> transmis class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> expéditeur class="ok"> à class="ok"> un
destinataire, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> les class="ok"> lettres, class="ok"> les class="ok"> e-mails, class="ok"> les class="ok"> mémorandums, class="ok"> les class="ok"> fiches
particulières, class="ok"> les class="ok"> câbles, class="ok"> les class="ok"> notes, class="ok"> les class="ok"> rapports, class="ok"> les class="ok"> ordres class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> et class="ok"> les class="ok"> communiqués class="ok"> de
presse.
3. class="ok"> Les class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> sont class="ok"> tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> civils class="ok"> travaillant class="ok"> pour class="ok"> ou class="ok"> au class="ok"> nom class="ok"> de class="ok"> toute
composante class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> (qu’ils class="ok"> soient class="ok"> élus, class="ok"> nommés class="ok"> politiquement class="ok"> ou
employés class="ok"> par class="ok"> la class="ok"> fonction class="ok"> publique) class="ok"> ainsi class="ok"> que class="ok"> tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> membres class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’armée class="ok"> française class="ok"> ou class="ok"> de
la class="ok"> Légion class="ok"> étrangère class="ok"> française.

Demandes
Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> versions class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> ébauches class="ok"> de class="ok"> communications class="ok"> et class="ok"> de
documents class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> au class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 2 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> éléments, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> et
documents class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’Office class="ok"> rwandais class="ok"> d’Information class="ok"> (« class="ok"> ORINFOR class="ok"> »), class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> la
Radio class="ok"> Télévision class="ok"> libre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Mille class="ok"> Collines class="ok"> (« class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> »), class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’un class="ok"> de class="ok"> leurs class="ok"> dirigeants, class="ok"> directeurs,
employés, class="ok"> agents class="ok"> ou class="ok"> représentants, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> :
(a) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> financière, class="ok"> technique class="ok"> ou class="ok"> autre, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> la class="ok"> formation,
fournie class="ok"> par class="ok"> une class="ok"> entité class="ok"> ou class="ok"> un class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> à class="ok"> ORINFOR, class="ok"> à
Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> ;
(b) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> enregistrements, class="ok"> copies, class="ok"> transcriptions class="ok"> ou class="ok"> résumés class="ok"> des class="ok"> émissions class="ok"> de class="ok"> Radio
Rwanda class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> aux class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> de class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis class="ok"> au class="ok"> Bugesera, class="ok"> en class="ok"> mars class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> ;
(c) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> réunion class="ok"> ou class="ok"> autre class="ok"> communication class="ok"> entre class="ok"> les class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> et class="ok"> les
fonctionnaires class="ok"> d’ORINFOR class="ok"> ;
(d) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> enregistrements, class="ok"> copies, class="ok"> transcriptions class="ok"> ou class="ok"> résumés class="ok"> des class="ok"> émissions class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM.
[signature]

(e) class="ok"> La class="ok"> création class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> ;
(f) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> discussion class="ok"> sur class="ok"> la class="ok"> cessation, class="ok"> le class="ok"> brouillage class="ok"> ou class="ok"> l’interruption class="ok"> des class="ok"> émissions class="ok"> de
RTLM class="ok"> par class="ok"> des class="ok"> moyens class="ok"> technologiques class="ok"> ou class="ok"> diplomatiques class="ok"> ;
(g) class="ok"> Les class="ok"> dirigeants, class="ok"> directeurs, class="ok"> employés, class="ok"> représentants class="ok"> ou class="ok"> agents class="ok"> d’ORINFOR class="ok"> (y class="ok"> compris
notamment class="ok"> de class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda), class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> (Directeur class="ok"> d’ORINFOR, class="ok"> 1990-1992)
ii. class="ok"> Jean-Baptiste class="ok"> Bamwanga class="ok"> (Éditeur class="ok"> en class="ok"> chef class="ok"> de class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> 1992)
iii. class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Mbaraga class="ok"> (Directeur class="ok"> de class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> 1976-1990)
iv. class="ok"> Froduald class="ok"> Ntawulikura class="ok"> (Chef class="ok"> du class="ok"> service class="ok"> Développement class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> communication
rurale class="ok"> chez class="ok"> ORINFOR)
v. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Serugendo class="ok"> (Chef class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> maintenance class="ok"> de class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda)
vi. class="ok"> Christophe class="ok"> Mfizi class="ok"> (Directeur class="ok"> d’ORINFOR, class="ok"> 1978-1990)
vii. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nahayo class="ok"> (Directeur class="ok"> du class="ok"> Projet class="ok"> de class="ok"> télévision class="ok"> du class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> 1992)

(h) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> document class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> entre class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> ou class="ok"> des class="ok"> sociétés
françaises, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> Télédiffusion class="ok"> de class="ok"> France, class="ok"> et class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> ou class="ok"> EclipseRwanda class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> la class="ok"> création class="ok"> d’une class="ok"> station class="ok"> de class="ok"> télévision class="ok"> rwandaise.
(i) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> réunion class="ok"> ou class="ok"> autre class="ok"> communication class="ok"> entre class="ok"> tout class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> et class="ok"> tout
dirigeant, class="ok"> directeur, class="ok"> employé, class="ok"> représentant class="ok"> ou class="ok"> agent class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> ;
(j) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> dirigeants, class="ok"> directeurs, class="ok"> employés, class="ok"> représentants class="ok"> ou class="ok"> agents class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris
notamment class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Felicien class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> (Président-directeur class="ok"> général class="ok"> ; class="ok"> Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Assemblée
générale class="ok"> des class="ok"> actionnaires class="ok"> ; class="ok"> Président class="ok"> du class="ok"> Comité class="ok"> d’initiative)
ii. class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> (Comité class="ok"> de class="ok"> rédaction class="ok"> ; class="ok"> Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> de class="ok"> la
technique class="ok"> et class="ok"> des class="ok"> programmes class="ok"> ; class="ok"> Membre class="ok"> du class="ok"> Comité class="ok"> d’initiative)
iii. class="ok"> Jean-Bosco class="ok"> Barayagwiza class="ok"> (Comité class="ok"> de class="ok"> rédaction)
iv. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Serugendo class="ok"> (Comité class="ok"> de class="ok"> rédaction)
v. class="ok"> Phocas class="ok"> Habimana class="ok"> (Directeur class="ok"> général)
vi. class="ok"> Gaspard class="ok"> Gahigi class="ok"> (Rédacteur class="ok"> en class="ok"> chef)
vii. class="ok"> Philippe class="ok"> Mbilizi class="ok"> (Chef class="ok"> des class="ok"> programmes class="ok"> en class="ok"> français)
viii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Ntezimana class="ok"> (Technicien class="ok"> en class="ok"> chef)
ix. class="ok"> Ignance class="ok"> Temahagira class="ok"> (Secrétaire class="ok"> du class="ok"> Comité class="ok"> d’initiative)
(k) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> investisseur class="ok"> ou class="ok"> actionnaire class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> :
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
[signature]

Jean class="ok"> Baptiste class="ok"> Bamwanga
Marie class="ok"> Banzubaze
Jérôme class="ok"> Bicamumpaka
Simon class="ok"> Bikindi

v. class="ok"> Telesphore class="ok"> Bizimungu
vi. class="ok"> Ernest class="ok"> Buroko
vii. class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Gakeri
viii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Habyarimana
ix. class="ok"> P. class="ok"> Celestin class="ok"> Haguma
x. class="ok"> Mujawayezu class="ok"> Marthe
xi. class="ok"> Mathieu class="ok"> Hakizayezu
xii. class="ok"> Victor class="ok"> Kalisa
xiii. class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Maniragaba
xiv. class="ok"> Drocella class="ok"> Mukambonera
xv.
Issac class="ok"> Mulihano
xvi. class="ok"> Pasteur class="ok"> Musabe
xvii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Mvulirwenande
xviii. class="ok"> Marie class="ok"> Vianney
xix. class="ok"> Cyprien class="ok"> Ndagijimana
xx. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Damascene class="ok"> Ndagijimana
xxi. class="ok"> Claude class="ok"> Ndamiye
xxii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Baptiste class="ok"> Nemeyabahizi
xxiii. class="ok"> Bibiane class="ok"> Negegayire
xxiv. class="ok"> Emmmanuel class="ok"> Ngirwanabagabo
xxv. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Ngirabatware
xxvi. class="ok"> Dieudonne class="ok"> Niyitegeka
xxvii. class="ok"> Ephrem class="ok"> Nkezabera
xxvii. class="ok"> Deogratias class="ok"> Nsabimana
xxix. class="ok"> Bernardin class="ok"> Nsengamungu
xxx. class="ok"> Andre class="ok"> Ntagerura
xxxi. class="ok"> Daniel class="ok"> Ntawamenyumunsi
xxxii. class="ok"> Alphonse class="ok"> Ntilivamunda
xxxiii. class="ok"> Aaron class="ok"> Ntizihabose
xxxiv. class="ok"> Froduald class="ok"> Ntawulikura
xxxv. class="ok"> Laurence class="ok"> Nyirabalinda
xxxvi. class="ok"> Beatrice class="ok"> Nyirabalinda
xxxvii. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nzabagerageza
xxxviii.
Joseph class="ok"> Nzirorera
xxxix. class="ok"> Boniface class="ok"> Rucagu
xi. class="ok"> Pheneas class="ok"> Ruhumuliza
xli. class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Rutaganda
xlii. class="ok"> François class="ok"> Serushyana
xliii. class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Simba
xliv. class="ok"> Stanislas class="ok"> Simbizi
xlv. class="ok"> Marc class="ok"> Siniyobewe
xlvi. class="ok"> Igance class="ok"> Temhagari
xlvii. class="ok"> Rose class="ok"> Usabuwera

[signature]

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 3 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> milices
au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> telles class="ok"> que class="ok"> les class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> et class="ok"> les class="ok"> Impuzamugambi, class="ok"> et class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> relations class="ok"> entre class="ok"> les
autorités class="ok"> françaises class="ok"> et class="ok"> les class="ok"> milices, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris, class="ok"> mais class="ok"> non class="ok"> exclusivement, class="ok"> les class="ok"> questions class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> à class="ok"> :

(a) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> en class="ok"> poste, class="ok"> travaillant class="ok"> ou class="ok"> s’instruisant class="ok"> à class="ok"> Mukamira, class="ok"> Gabiro
ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> Gako, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994.
(b) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> formation class="ok"> des class="ok"> milices class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> par class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français.
(c) class="ok"> La class="ok"> connaissance class="ok"> qu’a class="ok"> tout class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> formation class="ok"> des class="ok"> milices class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda.
(d) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> coordination, class="ok"> planification class="ok"> ou class="ok"> communication class="ok"> entre class="ok"> les class="ok"> milices class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> et
RTLM.
(e) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> dirigeant, class="ok"> fonctionnaire, class="ok"> membre, class="ok"> représentant class="ok"> ou class="ok"> sympathisant class="ok"> financier class="ok"> des
Impuzamugambi.
(f) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> dirigeant, class="ok"> officier, class="ok"> membre, class="ok"> représentant, class="ok"> conseiller, class="ok"> investisseur class="ok"> ou class="ok"> partisan class="ok"> des
Interahamwe, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Le class="ok"> Comité class="ok"> national
a. class="ok"> Jerry class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Kajuga class="ok"> (Président)
b. class="ok"> Phénéas class="ok"> Ruhumuliza class="ok"> (Senior class="ok"> vice-président)
c. class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Rutaganda class="ok"> (Premier class="ok"> vice-président)
d. class="ok"> Eugene class="ok"> Mbarushimana class="ok"> (Secrétaire class="ok"> général)
e. class="ok"> Dieudonne class="ok"> Niyitegeka class="ok"> (Trésorier)
ii. class="ok"> Collège class="ok"> des class="ok"> conseillers
a. class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Maniragaba class="ok"> (Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> des class="ok"> questions class="ok"> sociales
et class="ok"> juridiques)
b. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Serugendo class="ok"> (Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> recherche class="ok"> et class="ok"> du
développement)
c. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Sebanetsi class="ok"> (Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> des class="ok"> questions
politiques class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> propagande)
d. class="ok"> Ephrem class="ok"> Nkezabera class="ok"> (Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> économique class="ok"> et
financière)
e. class="ok"> J.M.V. class="ok"> Mudahinyuka class="ok"> (Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> de class="ok"> suivi class="ok"> et
d’évaluation)
f. class="ok"> Alphonse class="ok"> Kanimba class="ok"> (Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> des class="ok"> relations class="ok"> extérieures
et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> documentation)
iii class="ok"> Autres class="ok"> sympathisants
a. class="ok"> Séraphin class="ok"> Rwabukumba
b. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Elie class="ok"> Sagatwa
c. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Theoneste class="ok"> Bagosora
[signature]

d. class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Bahufite class="ok"> Juvenal
e. class="ok"> Séraphin class="ok"> Twahirwa
f. class="ok"> Gervais class="ok"> Nzabanterur
g. class="ok"> Rose class="ok"> Karushara
h. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nyandwi
i. class="ok"> Mathieu class="ok"> Ngirumpatse
j. class="ok"> Desire class="ok"> Murenzi
k. class="ok"> Protais class="ok"> Zigiranyirazo
l. class="ok"> Séraphin class="ok"> Rwabukumba
m. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Nzizorera
n. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nyandwi
o. class="ok"> Pasteur class="ok"> Musabe
p. class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nzabagerageza
q. class="ok"> Callixte class="ok"> Nzabonimana
r. class="ok"> Boniface class="ok"> Rucagu
s. class="ok"> Lieutenant-Colonel class="ok"> Tharcisse class="ok"> Renzaho
t. class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Celestin class="ok"> Rwagafirita
u. class="ok"> Pascal class="ok"> Simbikangwa
v. class="ok"> Leone class="ok"> Mbonabaryi
w. class="ok"> Fidele class="ok"> Murigande
x. class="ok"> Aimable class="ok"> Ngabitsinze
y. class="ok"> Jules class="ok"> Rugina
z. class="ok"> Richard class="ok"> Simba
aa. class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Kayondo
bb. class="ok"> Claver class="ok"> Kamana
cc. class="ok"> Isaac class="ok"> Kamali
dd. class="ok"> Simon class="ok"> Bikindi
ee. class="ok"> Fidele class="ok"> Rwambuka
ff. class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ngirabatware
Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> liés class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’opération
Turquoise, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> les class="ok"> questions class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> à class="ok"> :
(a) class="ok"> La class="ok"> décision class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> de class="ok"> proposer class="ok"> une class="ok"> mission class="ok"> d’intervention, class="ok"> ses class="ok"> négociations class="ok"> avec
d’autres class="ok"> États class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> cadre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’intervention class="ok"> éventuelle, class="ok"> et class="ok"> ultérieurement class="ok"> sa class="ok"> demande
d’autorisation class="ok"> au class="ok"> Conseil class="ok"> de class="ok"> sécurité class="ok"> des class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> unies class="ok"> d’une class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda
et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> à class="ok"> cette class="ok"> demande class="ok"> ;
(b) class="ok"> La class="ok"> conduite class="ok"> des class="ok"> Forces class="ok"> armées class="ok"> rwandaises class="ok"> (« class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> »), class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le
31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> leur class="ok"> rôle class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis class="ok"> ;
leur class="ok"> rôle class="ok"> dans class="ok"> les class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> de class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis class="ok"> avant class="ok"> le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> ; class="ok"> leur class="ok"> engagement
militaire class="ok"> avec class="ok"> l’Armée class="ok"> patriotique class="ok"> rwandaise class="ok"> ; class="ok"> leur class="ok"> interaction class="ok"> avec class="ok"> les class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis class="ok"> ou
toute class="ok"> violence class="ok"> perpétrée class="ok"> contre class="ok"> eux class="ok"> ; class="ok"> leur class="ok"> disponibilité class="ok"> ; class="ok"> toute class="ok"> demande class="ok"> du
1
Tout class="ok"> au class="ok"> long class="ok"> de class="ok"> cette class="ok"> demande class="ok"> de class="ok"> document, class="ok"> partout class="ok"> où class="ok"> cela class="ok"> est class="ok"> mentionné, class="ok"> les class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> incluent class="ok"> les class="ok"> officiers class="ok"> et class="ok"> anciens class="ok"> officiers
des class="ok"> FAR.

[signature]

gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais class="ok"> au class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires
français class="ok"> individuels class="ok"> d’assistance class="ok"> aux class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> ; class="ok"> et class="ok"> toute class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> fournie class="ok"> par class="ok"> les
fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> aux class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> ;
(c) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> entre class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> et class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> du
gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais class="ok"> ou class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le
18 class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Theodore class="ok"> Sindikubwabo, class="ok"> Président class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> République
ii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Kambanda, class="ok"> Premier class="ok"> ministre
iii. class="ok"> Jérôme class="ok"> Bicamumpaka, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Affaires class="ok"> étrangères class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Coopération
iv. class="ok"> Eliezer class="ok"> Niyitegeka, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Information
v. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Bizimana, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Défense
vi. class="ok"> Casimir class="ok"> Bizimungu, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Santé
vii. class="ok"> Agnes class="ok"> Ntamabyaliro, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Justice
viii. class="ok"> Straton class="ok"> Nsabumukunzi, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Agriculture class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Élevage
ix. class="ok"> Daniel class="ok"> Mbangura, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Enseignement class="ok"> supérieur, class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Recherche
scientifique class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Culture
x. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> de class="ok"> Dieu class="ok"> Kamuhanda, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Enseignement class="ok"> supérieur, class="ok"> de class="ok"> la
Recherche class="ok"> scientifique class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Culture
xi. class="ok"> Callixte class="ok"> Kalimanzira, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Intérieur class="ok"> et class="ok"> du class="ok"> Développement class="ok"> municipal
xii. class="ok"> Edouard class="ok"> Karemera, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Intérieur
xiii. class="ok"> Emmanuel class="ok"> Ndindabahizi, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Finances
xiv. class="ok"> Prosper class="ok"> Mugiraneza, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Fonction class="ok"> publique
xv. class="ok"> André class="ok"> Ntagerura, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Transports class="ok"> et class="ok"> des class="ok"> Communications
xvi. class="ok"> Pauline class="ok"> Nyiramasuhuko, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Famille class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Promotion class="ok"> de class="ok"> la
femme
xvii. class="ok"> André class="ok"> Rwamakuba, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Enseignement class="ok"> primaire class="ok"> et class="ok"> secondaire
xviii. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Ngirabatware, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Planification
xix. class="ok"> Callixte class="ok"> Nzabonimana, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Jeunesse
xx.
Daniel class="ok"> Mbangura, class="ok"> Directeur class="ok"> du class="ok"> Cabinet class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Présidence
xxi. class="ok"> Justin class="ok"> Mugenzi, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> du class="ok"> Commerce, class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Industrie class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Artisanat
xxii. class="ok"> Anatole class="ok"> Nsengiyumva, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> secteur class="ok"> de class="ok"> Gisenyi
xxiii. class="ok"> Hyacinthe class="ok"> Nsengiyumva class="ok"> Rafiki, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Travaux class="ok"> publics class="ok"> et class="ok"> de
l’Énergie
xxiv. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> de class="ok"> Dieu class="ok"> Habineza, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> du class="ok"> Travail class="ok"> et class="ok"> des class="ok"> Affaires class="ok"> sociales
xxv. class="ok"> Gaspard class="ok"> Ruhumuliza, class="ok"> Ministre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Environnement class="ok"> et class="ok"> du class="ok"> Tourisme, class="ok"> PDC
xxvi. class="ok"> Andre class="ok"> Singaye
xxvii. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Théoneste class="ok"> Bagosora
xxviii. class="ok"> Gratien class="ok"> Kabiligi, class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> du class="ok"> Bureau class="ok"> des class="ok"> opérations class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> (G-3)
xxix. class="ok"> Anatole class="ok"> Nsengiyumva, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> secteur class="ok"> de class="ok"> Gisenyi
xxx. class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ntabakuze, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> bataillon class="ok"> para-commando
xxxi. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Bizimungu, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> des class="ok"> opérations class="ok"> du class="ok"> secteur class="ok"> de
Ruhengeri class="ok"> et class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> d’état-major class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’armée class="ok"> rwandaise class="ok"> après class="ok"> le class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994
xxxii. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Ndindiliyimana, class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> d’état-major class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Gendarmerie class="ok"> nationale
[signature]

xxxiii. class="ok"> François-Xavier class="ok"> Nzuwonemeye, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> bataillon class="ok"> de
reconnaissance class="ok"> (RECCE)
xxxiv. class="ok"> Innocent class="ok"> Sagahutu, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’escadron class="ok"> A class="ok"> du class="ok"> bataillon class="ok"> RECCE
xxxv. class="ok"> Ildephonse class="ok"> Hategekimana, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> camp class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> de class="ok"> Ngoma
xxxvi. class="ok"> Protais class="ok"> Mpiranya, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> bataillon class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> garde class="ok"> présidentielle
xxxvii. class="ok"> Tharcisse class="ok"> Muvunyi, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’École class="ok"> des class="ok"> sous-officiers class="ok"> (ESO)
xxxviii. class="ok"> Ildephonse class="ok"> Nizeyimana, class="ok"> Officier class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’École class="ok"> des class="ok"> sous-officiers class="ok"> (ESO)
xxxix. class="ok"> Samuel class="ok"> Imanishimwe, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> camp class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> de class="ok"> Cyangugu
xl. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Tharcisse class="ok"> Renzaho
xli. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Leonidas class="ok"> Rusatira
xlii. class="ok"> Lcl class="ok"> Ephrem class="ok"> Setako, class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> division class="ok"> des class="ok"> affaires class="ok"> juridiques class="ok"> du class="ok"> ministère
de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Défense.
xliii. class="ok"> Lcl class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Simba
(d) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> avec class="ok"> tout class="ok"> ancien class="ok"> officier class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> tout class="ok"> membre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’ancien
gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais class="ok"> ou class="ok"> tout class="ok"> membre class="ok"> du class="ok"> prétendu class="ok"> « class="ok"> Gouvernement
rwandais class="ok"> en class="ok"> exil class="ok"> », class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1996, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris
notamment class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Théodore class="ok"> Sindikubwabo
ii. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Kambanda
iii. class="ok"> Callixte class="ok"> Kalimanzira
iv. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Karinganire
v. class="ok"> Jérôme class="ok"> Bicamumpaka
vi. class="ok"> Athanase class="ok"> Gasake
vii. class="ok"> Innocent class="ok"> Habamenshi
viii. class="ok"> Stanislas class="ok"> Mbonampeka
ix. class="ok"> Frederic class="ok"> Kayogora
x. class="ok"> Anatole class="ok"> Nsengiyumva
xi. class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Bizimana
xii. class="ok"> Andre class="ok"> Bizimana
xiii. class="ok"> Sebastian class="ok"> Ntahobari
xiv. class="ok"> Cyprien class="ok"> Kayumba
xv. class="ok"> Cyprien class="ok"> Tereraho
(e) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> ou class="ok"> réunion class="ok"> entre class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> et class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires
de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR class="ok"> et/ou class="ok"> du class="ok"> Bureau class="ok"> des class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> unies class="ok"> pour class="ok"> les class="ok"> secours class="ok"> d’urgence class="ok"> au
Rwanda class="ok"> (UNREO), class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris
notamment class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Henry class="ok"> Anyidohoho, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> en class="ok"> chef class="ok"> adjoint, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> des class="ok"> troupes
ghanéennes class="ok"> (Ghana)

[signature]

ii. class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Walter class="ok"> Balis class="ok"> (Belgique), class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> adjoint class="ok"> des class="ok"> opérations class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
iii. class="ok"> Brent class="ok"> Beardsley class="ok"> (Canada), class="ok"> Adjoint class="ok"> du class="ok"> Général class="ok"> Dallaire
iv. class="ok"> Jacques-Roger class="ok"> Booh-Booh, class="ok"> Représentant class="ok"> spécial class="ok"> du class="ok"> Secrétaire class="ok"> général class="ok"> des
Nations class="ok"> unies class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda
v. class="ok"> Romeo class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> Général, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR class="ok"> (Canada)
vi. class="ok"> Amadou class="ok"> Deme, class="ok"> Capitaine, class="ok"> Agent class="ok"> des class="ok"> services class="ok"> de class="ok"> renseignements class="ok"> (Sénégal)
vii. class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Dewez, class="ok"> Colonel, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> bataillon class="ok"> belge, class="ok"> Kibat class="ok"> (Belgique)
viii. class="ok"> Mbaye class="ok"> Diagne, class="ok"> Capitaine, class="ok"> Observateur class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> (Sénégal)
ix. class="ok"> Babacar class="ok"> (ou class="ok"> Bubacar) class="ok"> Faye, class="ok"> Capitaine class="ok"> (Sénégal)
x. class="ok"> Moctar class="ok"> Gueye, class="ok"> Porte-parole class="ok"> adjoint class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
xi. class="ok"> Somalia class="ok"> Iliya, class="ok"> Lieutenant-colonel, class="ok"> Observateur class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> secteur class="ok"> du class="ok"> FPR
dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> nord class="ok"> du class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (Nigeria)
xii. class="ok"> Abdul class="ok"> Kabia class="ok"> (Sierra class="ok"> Leone), class="ok"> Directeur class="ok"> exécutif class="ok"> par class="ok"> intérim class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
xiii. class="ok"> Mamadou class="ok"> Kane, class="ok"> Conseiller class="ok"> politique class="ok"> de class="ok"> Booh-Booh
xiv. class="ok"> Don class="ok"> MacNeil, class="ok"> Major, class="ok"> Membre class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> cellule class="ok"> d’aide class="ok"> humanitaire class="ok"> (Canada)
xv. class="ok"> Luc class="ok"> Marchal, class="ok"> Colonel, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> secteur class="ok"> de class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
(Belgique)
xvi. class="ok"> Cherif class="ok"> El class="ok"> Oualide class="ok"> Mbodj, class="ok"> Capitaine class="ok"> (Sénégal)
xvii. class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Méhu, class="ok"> Porte-parole class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
xviii. class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Moen class="ok"> (Pakistan), class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> des class="ok"> opérations class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
xix. class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Nazrul, class="ok"> Commandant class="ok"> du class="ok"> bataillon class="ok"> bangladais
xx. class="ok"> Gilbert class="ok"> Ngijol, class="ok"> Assistant class="ok"> du class="ok"> représentant class="ok"> spécial class="ok"> de class="ok"> Booh-Booh
xxi. class="ok"> Marec class="ok"> Pajik, class="ok"> Major class="ok"> (Pologne)
xxii. class="ok"> Jean-Guy class="ok"> Plante, class="ok"> Major, class="ok"> Attaché class="ok"> de class="ok"> presse class="ok"> (Canada) class="ok"> xxiii. class="ok"> Luc class="ok"> Racine,
Observateur class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> (Canada)
xxiv. class="ok"> Mamadou class="ok"> Sarr, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> (Sénégal)
xxv. class="ok"> Joe class="ok"> Sills, class="ok"> Porte-parole class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> MINUAR
xxvi. class="ok"> Stefan class="ok"> Stec, class="ok"> Major class="ok"> (Pologne)
xxvii. class="ok"> Samba class="ok"> Tall, class="ok"> Capitaine, class="ok"> Observateur class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> (Sénégal)
xxviii. class="ok"> Isoa class="ok"> Tikoka, class="ok"> Colonel, class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> du class="ok"> groupe class="ok"> d’observateurs class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> de class="ok"> la
MINUAR class="ok"> (Fidji)
xxix. class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Van class="ok"> Putten, class="ok"> Capitaine, class="ok"> Aide class="ok"> de class="ok"> camp class="ok"> de class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> (Pays-Bas)
xxx. class="ok"> Butch class="ok"> Waldrum, class="ok"> Conseiller class="ok"> en class="ok"> logistique
xxxi. class="ok"> Clayton class="ok"> Yaache class="ok"> (Ghana)

(f) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> confrontation class="ok"> de class="ok"> soldats class="ok"> français class="ok"> avec class="ok"> le class="ok"> FPR class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994
et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> août class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(g) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> cas class="ok"> connus class="ok"> de class="ok"> menaces class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> vie class="ok"> de class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> réponses
à class="ok"> ces class="ok"> menaces class="ok"> par class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> ou class="ok"> autres, class="ok"> ou class="ok"> l’absence class="ok"> de class="ok"> réponse class="ok"> à class="ok"> ces
menaces, class="ok"> du class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;

[signature]

(h) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> organigrammes class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> listes class="ok"> des class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> français class="ok"> de class="ok"> tous class="ok"> grades
déployés class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> cadre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> ;
(i) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> plainte class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> la class="ok"> conduite class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> ou class="ok"> de class="ok"> plusieurs class="ok"> officiers class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> français
au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(j) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> mesure class="ok"> disciplinaire class="ok"> ou class="ok"> autre class="ok"> prise class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’encontre class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> pour
sa class="ok"> conduite class="ok"> présumée class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(k) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> barrages class="ok"> routiers class="ok"> connus, class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> interventions class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français
ou class="ok"> d’autres class="ok"> face class="ok"> à class="ok"> ces class="ok"> barrages, class="ok"> ou class="ok"> l’absence class="ok"> d’intervention class="ok"> face class="ok"> à class="ok"> ces class="ok"> menaces, class="ok"> du
20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> août class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ; class="ok"> et
(l) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> émissions class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> les
émissions class="ok"> elles-mêmes, class="ok"> toute class="ok"> discussion class="ok"> sur class="ok"> la class="ok"> cessation class="ok"> des class="ok"> émissions class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM, class="ok"> et
toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> avec class="ok"> les class="ok"> représentants, class="ok"> les class="ok"> dirigeants, class="ok"> les class="ok"> directeurs class="ok"> ou class="ok"> les
employés class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM.
(m) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Général class="ok"> Le class="ok"> Page, class="ok"> Chef class="ok"> du class="ok"> commandement class="ok"> des
opérations class="ok"> spéciales class="ok"> (COS), class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> cadre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le
15 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994.
(n) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Lebel, class="ok"> Adjoint class="ok"> au class="ok"> chef class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’unité class="ok"> du
renseignement, class="ok"> dans class="ok"> le class="ok"> cadre class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le
31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(o) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> relative class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> question class="ok"> de class="ok"> savoir class="ok"> si class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> continuerait class="ok"> à
reconnaître class="ok"> le class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais class="ok"> comme class="ok"> le class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> légitime class="ok"> du
Rwanda class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(p) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> plan class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> prévoyant class="ok"> le class="ok"> déploiement class="ok"> de class="ok"> soldats class="ok"> français class="ok"> ou class="ok"> d’autres class="ok"> moyens
militaires class="ok"> à class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> avant class="ok"> ou class="ok"> pendant class="ok"> l’opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> ;
(q) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> une class="ok"> éventuelle class="ok"> partition class="ok"> du class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris
notamment class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> formation class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> « class="ok"> Hutuland class="ok"> » class="ok"> ou class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> « class="ok"> Tutsiland class="ok"> » class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ;
(r) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> répondant class="ok"> aux class="ok"> demandes class="ok"> de class="ok"> documents class="ok"> émanant class="ok"> de class="ok"> Monsieur
Claude class="ok"> Choquet class="ok"> et class="ok"> non class="ok"> transmis class="ok"> au class="ok"> Tribunal class="ok"> de class="ok"> grande class="ok"> instance class="ok"> de class="ok"> Paris.
(s) class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> au class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Tutsis class="ok"> à class="ok"> Bisesero class="ok"> en class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> les
avertissements class="ok"> à class="ok"> leur class="ok"> sujet.

[signature]

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone
humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> établie class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> en class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> :
(a) class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> ébauches class="ok"> de class="ok"> mémorandums class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> à class="ok"> la
création class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> ;
(b) class="ok"> Assurer class="ok"> la class="ok"> sécurité class="ok"> du class="ok"> passage class="ok"> ou class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’admission class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> de class="ok"> tout
fonctionnaire class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais, class="ok"> de class="ok"> tout class="ok"> officier class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> de class="ok"> tout
membre class="ok"> d’une class="ok"> milice class="ok"> (comme class="ok"> les class="ok"> Interahamwe), class="ok"> de class="ok"> tout class="ok"> officier, class="ok"> directeur class="ok"> ou class="ok"> employé
de class="ok"> la class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> ou class="ok"> de class="ok"> toute class="ok"> personne class="ok"> connue class="ok"> pour class="ok"> avoir class="ok"> blessé class="ok"> ou class="ok"> tué class="ok"> un class="ok"> civil, class="ok"> ou class="ok"> menacé
de class="ok"> le class="ok"> faire class="ok"> ;
(c) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> contact class="ok"> avec class="ok"> tout class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais, class="ok"> tout
officier class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> tout class="ok"> membre class="ok"> d’une class="ok"> milice class="ok"> (comme class="ok"> les class="ok"> Interahamwe), class="ok"> tout
représentant, class="ok"> directeur class="ok"> ou class="ok"> employé class="ok"> de class="ok"> RTLM, class="ok"> ou class="ok"> toute class="ok"> personne class="ok"> connue class="ok"> pour class="ok"> avoir
blessé, class="ok"> tué class="ok"> ou class="ok"> menacé class="ok"> de class="ok"> blesser class="ok"> ou class="ok"> tuer class="ok"> un class="ok"> civil class="ok"> au class="ok"> Zaïre, class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> à class="ok"> Goma class="ok"> et class="ok"> dans
tout class="ok"> camp class="ok"> de class="ok"> réfugiés class="ok"> ;
(d) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> avec class="ok"> des class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Organisation class="ok"> des class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> unies, class="ok"> y
compris class="ok"> les class="ok"> États class="ok"> membres, class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> l’arrestation class="ok"> ou class="ok"> la class="ok"> détention class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> fonctionnaire
du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais, class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> officier class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> membre class="ok"> d’une
milice class="ok"> (comme class="ok"> les class="ok"> Interahamwe), class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> dirigeant, class="ok"> directeur class="ok"> ou class="ok"> employé class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> RTLM,
ou class="ok"> d’une class="ok"> personne class="ok"> ayant class="ok"> fait class="ok"> du class="ok"> mal, class="ok"> tué, class="ok"> menacé class="ok"> ou class="ok"> blessé class="ok"> un class="ok"> civil class="ok"> ;
(e) class="ok"> Tout class="ok"> contact class="ok"> avec class="ok"> les class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> ;
(f) class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> aux class="ok"> activités class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone
humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’extérieur class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> garnison class="ok"> ;
(g) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> plans class="ok"> de class="ok"> confiscation class="ok"> d’armes, class="ok"> de class="ok"> munitions class="ok"> et
d’autres class="ok"> équipements class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> à class="ok"> des class="ok"> membres class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> ou class="ok"> des class="ok"> milices, class="ok"> et class="ok"> la
sécurisation class="ok"> de class="ok"> ces class="ok"> articles class="ok"> confisqués class="ok"> ;
(h) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> toute class="ok"> tentative class="ok"> de class="ok"> désarmer class="ok"> les class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> ou class="ok"> l’un class="ok"> de class="ok"> leurs
officiers class="ok"> et class="ok"> les class="ok"> milices class="ok"> (ou class="ok"> l’un class="ok"> de class="ok"> leurs class="ok"> membres) class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> humanitaire.
(i) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> mesures class="ok"> à class="ok"> prendre class="ok"> pour class="ok"> empêcher class="ok"> le class="ok"> pillage class="ok"> des
avoirs class="ok"> rwandais class="ok"> et class="ok"> leur class="ok"> circulation class="ok"> à class="ok"> travers class="ok"> la class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> ;
(j) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> avec class="ok"> les class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire class="ok"> rwandais,
les class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> ou class="ok"> les class="ok"> ex-FAR, class="ok"> du class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 21 class="ok"> août class="ok"> 1994.

[signature]

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le
Rwanda class="ok"> et class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Barril, class="ok"> Bob class="ok"> Denard class="ok"> ou class="ok"> tout class="ok"> autre class="ok"> mercenaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> opérant class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ou
exécutant class="ok"> des class="ok"> tâches class="ok"> liées class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> du class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> janvier class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’opération
Noroît.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’opération
Amaryllis class="ok"> ou class="ok"> aux class="ok"> actions class="ok"> du class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994
et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 18 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> :
(a) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> relative class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> mise class="ok"> en class="ok"> place class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> intérimaire
rwandais class="ok"> ;
(b) class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> aux class="ok"> Rwandais class="ok"> dont class="ok"> les class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français
ont class="ok"> approuvé class="ok"> ou class="ok"> désapprouvé class="ok"> l’hébergement class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’ambassade class="ok"> de class="ok"> France class="ok"> à class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> ;
(c) class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> aux class="ok"> Rwandais class="ok"> dont class="ok"> les class="ok"> fonctionnaires class="ok"> français
ont class="ok"> approuvé class="ok"> ou class="ok"> désapprouvé class="ok"> l’évacuation class="ok"> pendant class="ok"> l’opération class="ok"> Amaryllis, class="ok"> en class="ok"> faisant
spécifiquement class="ok"> référence class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> nationalité class="ok"> (y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> citoyenneté class="ok"> française
d’honneur) class="ok"> conférée class="ok"> à class="ok"> tout class="ok"> Rwandais class="ok"> dont class="ok"> les class="ok"> noms class="ok"> ont class="ok"> été class="ok"> pris class="ok"> en class="ok"> compte class="ok"> ;
(d) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> étayant class="ok"> la class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> que class="ok"> sur class="ok"> les class="ok"> 394 class="ok"> Rwandais class="ok"> évacués class="ok"> lors class="ok"> de
l’opération class="ok"> Amaryllis, class="ok"> ils class="ok"> étaient class="ok"> « class="ok"> 40 class="ok"> % class="ok"> de class="ok"> Tutsis, class="ok"> 60 class="ok"> % class="ok"> de class="ok"> Hutus class="ok"> (voir class="ok"> page class="ok"> 42 class="ok"> de
l’Enquête class="ok"> sur class="ok"> la class="ok"> tragédie class="ok"> rwandaise class="ok"> (1990-1994), class="ok"> Tome class="ok"> II, class="ok"> Annexes class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la
« class="ok"> Chronologie class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> crise class="ok"> rwandaise class="ok"> (mise class="ok"> à class="ok"> jour class="ok"> du class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1998) class="ok"> ») class="ok"> ;
(e) class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> communication class="ok"> relative class="ok"> au class="ok"> refus class="ok"> d’asile class="ok"> par class="ok"> le class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> aux class="ok"> cinq
enfants class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Première class="ok"> ministre class="ok"> rwandaise class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Uwilingiyimana, class="ok"> qui, class="ok"> avec class="ok"> son
mari, class="ok"> a class="ok"> été class="ok"> assassinée class="ok"> par class="ok"> les class="ok"> forces class="ok"> gouvernementales class="ok"> rwandaises class="ok"> le class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994.
(f) class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> au class="ok"> décès class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Adjudant-chef class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> Didot, class="ok"> de class="ok"> son
épouse class="ok"> Gilda class="ok"> Lana class="ok"> et class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’Adjudant-chef class="ok"> René class="ok"> Maier.

[signature]

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications, class="ok"> du class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> janvier class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> au
31 class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> l’utilisation class="ok"> des class="ok"> barrages class="ok"> routiers class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> pour class="ok"> discriminer, class="ok"> harceler
ou class="ok"> blesser class="ok"> les class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 10 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> au class="ok"> Falcon class="ok"> 50
abattu class="ok"> le class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> notes class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> du class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> janvier class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995
concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> notes class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> du class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995
concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> calendriers, class="ok"> journaux class="ok"> ou class="ok"> agendas, class="ok"> du class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> janvier class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> au
31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995, class="ok"> de class="ok"> :
(a) class="ok"> Claude class="ok"> Amaud
(b) class="ok"> Serge class="ok"> Boudevaix
(c) class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Bouzerand
(d) class="ok"> Nathalie class="ok"> Briot
(e) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Gilbert class="ok"> Canovas
(f) class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Courbin
(g) class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Cussac
(h) class="ok"> François class="ok"> de class="ok"> Grossouvre
(i) class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> Delaye
(j) class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud
(k) class="ok"> Bertrand class="ok"> Dufourcq
(l) class="ok"> Roland class="ok"> Dumas
(m)
Michele class="ok"> Fromion-Huguet
(n) class="ok"> François class="ok"> Gauthier
(o) class="ok"> Yannick class="ok"> Gerard
(p) class="ok"> Raymond class="ok"> Germanos
(q) class="ok"> Cne. class="ok"> Martin class="ok"> Gillier
(r) class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Heinrich
(s) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Hogard
(t) class="ok"> Jean-Pierre class="ok"> Huchon
(u) class="ok"> Phillippe class="ok"> Jehanne
(v) class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> Juppe
(w) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> Le class="ok"> Flem

[signature]

(x) class="ok"> Gén. class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Claude class="ok"> Lafourcade
(y) class="ok"> Adm. class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Lanxade
(z) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Christian class="ok"> Lureau
(aa) class="ok"> Jean-Michel class="ok"> Marlaud
(bb) class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Martres
(cc) class="ok"> Brig. class="ok"> Gén. class="ok"> Jean-Jacques class="ok"> Maurin
(dd) class="ok"> Gén. class="ok"> Laurent class="ok"> Michaud
(ee) class="ok"> François class="ok"> Mitterrand
(ff) class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand
(gg) class="ok"> Jean-Jacques class="ok"> Mouline
(hh) class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Dupuis
(ii) class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> Pin
(jj) class="ok"> Antoine class="ok"> Pouilleute
(kk) class="ok"> Christian class="ok"> Quesnot
(ll) class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rigault
(mm) class="ok"> Michel class="ok"> Robardey
(nn) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier
(oo) class="ok"> Michel class="ok"> Roussin
(pp) class="ok"> Jean-Marc class="ok"> Simon
(qq) class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Didier class="ok"> Tauzin
(rr) class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret
(ss)
Hubert class="ok"> Védrine
(tt) class="ok"> Gilles class="ok"> Vidal
(uu) class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Warin
(vv) class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Zimmermann

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> ayant class="ok"> trait class="ok"> à class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les
communications class="ok"> entre class="ok"> l’une class="ok"> ou class="ok"> l’autre class="ok"> des class="ok"> personnes class="ok"> énumérées class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la class="ok"> Demande class="ok"> n° class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> et class="ok"> des
fonctionnaires class="ok"> rwandais, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> se class="ok"> rapportant class="ok"> à class="ok"> toute
communication class="ok"> (p. class="ok"> ex. class="ok"> notes, class="ok"> câbles, class="ok"> mémorandums) class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> que class="ok"> l’une class="ok"> ou class="ok"> l’autre
des class="ok"> personnes class="ok"> énumérées class="ok"> dans class="ok"> la class="ok"> Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> a class="ok"> rédigés, class="ok"> envoyés, class="ok"> reçus class="ok"> ou class="ok"> sur class="ok"> lesquels class="ok"> ils class="ok"> ont
mis class="ok"> en class="ok"> copie, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’achat, class="ok"> au
transfert class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’envoi class="ok"> de class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> armes, class="ok"> munitions class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> tout class="ok"> autre class="ok"> équipement class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda
ou class="ok"> au class="ok"> Zaïre, class="ok"> du class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> janvier class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995 class="ok"> venant class="ok"> de class="ok"> :
i. class="ok"> Le class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> les class="ok"> services class="ok"> militaires class="ok"> ou class="ok"> de class="ok"> sécurité class="ok"> ;

[signature]

ii. class="ok"> Financé class="ok"> par class="ok"> l’État class="ok"> français class="ok"> ou class="ok"> par class="ok"> des class="ok"> banques class="ok"> françaises, class="ok"> y class="ok"> compris class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> par class="ok"> la
Banque class="ok"> Nationale class="ok"> de class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> ;
iii. class="ok"> Les class="ok"> sociétés class="ok"> françaises, class="ok"> notamment class="ok"> Sofremas, class="ok"> DYL class="ok"> Invest, class="ok"> Luchaire class="ok"> ou class="ok"> Thomson
Brandt class="ok"> Armements class="ok"> ; class="ok"> et/ou
iv. class="ok"> Mil-Tec.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’achat, class="ok"> au
transfert class="ok"> ou class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’expédition class="ok"> de class="ok"> tout class="ok"> équipement class="ok"> de class="ok"> communication class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ou class="ok"> au class="ok"> Zaïre, class="ok"> du
1er class="ok"> janvier class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> au class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> décembre class="ok"> 1995.
Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 18 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Toute class="ok"> documentation class="ok"> relative class="ok"> aux class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> au class="ok"> Conseil class="ok"> de class="ok"> sécurité class="ok"> des
Nations class="ok"> unies class="ok"> (« class="ok"> CSNU class="ok"> ») class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> :
(a) class="ok"> L’aide class="ok"> française class="ok"> au class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> de class="ok"> Juvenal class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda,
d’octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> à class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(b) class="ok"> Les class="ok"> positions class="ok"> prises class="ok"> par class="ok"> le class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> ou class="ok"> par class="ok"> tout class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français
devant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Conseil class="ok"> de class="ok"> sécurité class="ok"> des class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> unies class="ok"> ;
(c) class="ok"> L’élaboration, class="ok"> la class="ok"> négociation, class="ok"> l’exécution class="ok"> et class="ok"> la class="ok"> mise class="ok"> en class="ok"> œuvre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Accords class="ok"> d’Arusha class="ok"> ;
(d) class="ok"> La class="ok"> MINUAR class="ok"> ;
(e) class="ok"> Le class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis class="ok"> ;
(f) class="ok"> La class="ok"> MINUAR class="ok"> II class="ok"> ;
(g) class="ok"> La class="ok"> demande class="ok"> d’autorisation class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> France class="ok"> pour class="ok"> intervenir class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> en class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> ;
(h) class="ok"> La class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> humanitaire class="ok"> sûre class="ok"> ;
(i) class="ok"> Les class="ok"> arrestations class="ok"> ou class="ok"> détentions class="ok"> de class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> ou class="ok"> dans class="ok"> d’autres class="ok"> États class="ok"> ;
(j) class="ok"> L’extradition class="ok"> et class="ok"> la class="ok"> poursuite class="ok"> des class="ok"> personnes class="ok"> accusées class="ok"> de class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> internationaux class="ok"> (p. class="ok"> ex.
génocide, class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> contre class="ok"> l’humanité) class="ok"> contre class="ok"> des class="ok"> civils class="ok"> tutsis, class="ok"> lors class="ok"> du class="ok"> génocide class="ok"> de class="ok"> 1994
contre class="ok"> les class="ok"> Tutsis, class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> les class="ok"> soldats
français, class="ok"> la class="ok"> DGSE, class="ok"> et/ou class="ok"> toute class="ok"> personne class="ok"> travaillant class="ok"> à class="ok"> la class="ok"> demande class="ok"> du class="ok"> gouvernement class="ok"> français class="ok"> au
Rwanda class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> le class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> juin class="ok"> 1994.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> à class="ok"> l’utilisation
des class="ok"> cartes class="ok"> d’identité class="ok"> ethniques class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> entre class="ok"> octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> et class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994.

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 21 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> et class="ok"> toutes class="ok"> les class="ok"> communications class="ok"> relatifs class="ok"> aux class="ok"> mises class="ok"> en
garde class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> des class="ok"> tueries class="ok"> ethniques class="ok"> de class="ok"> Tutsis, class="ok"> leur class="ok"> parrainage class="ok"> par class="ok"> l’État, class="ok"> les class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> de class="ok"> Tutsis
à class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> en class="ok"> mars class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> et class="ok"> tout class="ok"> autre class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> de class="ok"> Tutsis class="ok"> au class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> et/ou class="ok"> un class="ok"> génocide
d’octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> à class="ok"> juillet class="ok"> 1994.

[signature]

Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> et
le class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> et class="ok"> rédigés class="ok"> par class="ok"> Nicolas class="ok"> Corriere, class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> Salvy, class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Louis class="ok"> Nicolas, class="ok"> Philippe class="ok"> Molle,
Joël class="ok"> Warembourg, class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> Damy, class="ok"> Michel class="ok"> Robarday, class="ok"> ou class="ok"> tout class="ok"> autre class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> ayant
conseillé class="ok"> ou class="ok"> assisté class="ok"> la class="ok"> gendarmerie class="ok"> rwandaise class="ok"> durant class="ok"> cette class="ok"> période.
Demande class="ok"> nº class="ok"> 23 class="ok"> : class="ok"> Tous class="ok"> les class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concernant class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> entre class="ok"> le class="ok"> 1er class="ok"> octobre class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> et
le class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> avril class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> rédigé, class="ok"> envoyé class="ok"> ou class="ok"> reçu class="ok"> par class="ok"> Gilles class="ok"> Chollet, class="ok"> Etienne class="ok"> Joubert, class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier, class="ok"> JeanLouis class="ok"> Nabias, class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Cussac, class="ok"> Didier class="ok"> Tauzin, class="ok"> ou class="ok"> tout class="ok"> autre class="ok"> fonctionnaire class="ok"> français class="ok"> faisant class="ok"> partie class="ok"> du
Détachement class="ok"> d’assistance class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> et class="ok"> d’instruction class="ok"> (« class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> ») class="ok"> Panda, class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> d’assistance
militaire class="ok"> (« class="ok"> MAM class="ok"> ») class="ok"> ou class="ok"> ayant class="ok"> conseillé, class="ok"> assisté class="ok"> ou class="ok"> donné class="ok"> des class="ok"> instructions class="ok"> à class="ok"> tout class="ok"> membre class="ok"> des class="ok"> FAR
durant class="ok"> cette class="ok"> période.

[signature]

0

(Convention class="ok"> de class="ok"> La class="ok"> Haye class="ok"> du class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> Octobre class="ok"> 1961)

1.

Countrv:

United class="ok"> States class="ok"> of class="ok"> America

This class="ok"> public class="ok"> document
2.

has class="ok"> been class="ok"> signed class="ok"> by class="ok"> Nancy class="ok"> T. class="ok"> Sunshine

3.

acting class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> capacity class="ok"> of class="ok"> County class="ok"> Clerk

4.

bears class="ok"> the class="ok"> seal/stamp class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> county class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kings
Certified

5.

at class="ok"> New class="ok"> York class="ok"> City, class="ok"> New class="ok"> York

7.

by class="ok"> Deputy class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of class="ok"> State class="ok"> for class="ok"> Business class="ok"> and class="ok"> Licensing class="ok"> Services, class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York

8.

No. class="ok"> NYC-1261461

9.

Seal/Stamp

6. class="ok"> the class="ok"> 5th class="ok"> day class="ok"> of class="ok"> June class="ok"> 2019

10. class="ok"> Signature

Whitney class="ok"> A. class="ok"> Clark
Deputy class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of class="ok"> State class="ok"> for class="ok"> Business class="ok"> and class="ok"> Licensing class="ok"> Services

Apostille class="ok"> (REV class="ok"> : class="ok"> 09/25/ class="ok"> 12)

NEWYORK
OF class="ok"> KINGS
CLERK'S class="ok"> OFFICE

SS:

Nancy class="ok"> T. class="ok"> Sunshine, class="ok"> County class="ok"> Clerk class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> County class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kings, class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ne,w
rk class="ok"> and class="ok"> also class="ok"> Clerk class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Supreme class="ok"> Court class="ok"> in class="ok"> and class="ok"> for class="ok"> said class="ok"> County class="ok"> and class="ok"> State,
e class="ok"> same class="ok"> being class="ok"> a class="ok"> Court class="ok"> of class="ok"> Record class="ok"> and class="ok"> having class="ok"> a class="ok"> seal;
DO class="ok"> HEREBY class="ok"> CERTIFY class="ok"> THAT class="ok"> GRIFFIN, class="ok"> MARGARET class="ok"> 01GR6352403
Term class="ok"> 12/27/2016 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 12/27/2020
Whose class="ok"> name class="ok"> is class="ok"> subscribed class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> annexed class="ok"> affidavit, class="ok"> deposition, class="ok"> certificate
of class="ok"> acknowledgment class="ok"> or class="ok"> proof, class="ok"> was class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> time class="ok"> of class="ok"> taking class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> a class="ok"> NOTARY
PUBLIC class="ok"> in class="ok"> and class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> duly class="ok"> commissioned class="ok"> and class="ok"> sworn class="ok"> and
qualified class="ok"> to class="ok"> act class="ok"> as class="ok"> such class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> the class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York; class="ok"> that class="ok"> pursuant class="ok"> to class="ok"> :
law class="ok"> a class="ok"> commission, class="ok"> or class="ok"> a class="ok"> certificate class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> official class="ok"> character, class="ok"> and class="ok"> autograph
signature, class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> filed class="ok"> in class="ok"> my class="ok"> office; class="ok"> that class="ok"> as class="ok"> such class="ok"> the class="ok"> Notary class="ok"> Public class="ok"> was
duly class="ok"> authorized class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> laws class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York class="ok"> to class="ok"> administer class="ok"> oaths class="ok"> and
affirmations, class="ok"> to class="ok"> receive class="ok"> and class="ok"> certify class="ok"> the class="ok"> acknowledgment class="ok"> or class="ok"> proof class="ok"> of class="ok"> deeds,
mortgages, class="ok"> powers class="ok"> of class="ok"> attorney class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> written class="ok"> instruments class="ok"> for class="ok"> lands,
tenements class="ok"> and class="ok"> hereditaments class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> read class="ok"> in class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> or class="ok"> recorded class="ok"> in class="ok"> this class="ok"> State,
to class="ok"> protest class="ok"> notes class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> take class="ok"> and class="ok"> certify class="ok"> affidavits class="ok"> and class="ok"> depositions; class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> I
am class="ok"> well class="ok"> acquainted class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> handwriting class="ok"> of class="ok"> such class="ok"> Notary class="ok"> Public class="ok"> or class="ok"> have
compared class="ok"> the class="ok"> signature
the class="ok"> annexed class="ok"> instrument class="ok"> w~th1 class="ok"> their class="ok"> autograph
signature class="ok"> deposited class="ok"> in class="ok"> my class="ok"> office class="ok"> ~ class="ok"> r.
. class="ok"> ~

or-

IN class="ok"> WITNESS class="ok"> WHERE class="ok"> OF, class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> hereunto class="ok"> set class="ok"> my class="ok"> hand class="ok"> and class="ok"> affixed class="ok"> my class="ok"> official
seal class="ok"> at class="ok"> Brooklyn, class="ok"> Kings class="ok"> County, class="ok"> New class="ok"> York class="ok"> on class="ok"> June class="ok"> 5, class="ok"> 2019 class="ok"> ,.._"

~~

0t-;;?
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KINGS class="ok"> COUNTY class="ok"> CLERK

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City class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> County class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York

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to class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Justice class="ok"> of class="ok"> France" class="ok"> is, class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> best class="ok"> of class="ok"> my class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> and class="ok"> belief, class="ok"> a class="ok"> true
and class="ok"> accurate class="ok"> translation class="ok"> from class="ok"> English class="ok"> into class="ok"> French.

VENUE: class="ok"> State class="ok"> of class="ok"> New class="ok"> York
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JURA class="ok"> T: class="ok"> Sworn class="ok"> (or class="ok"> Affirmed class="ok"> ) class="ok"> to class="ok"> before class="ok"> me class="ok"> this
~ class="ok"> day class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ofo20_19.

MARGARET class="ok"> GRIFFIN
NotaryPublic~ class="ok"> Stateof class="ok"> NewYork
No.01 class="ok"> GR6352403
Qualified
in class="ok"> KINGSCount;
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OFFICES class="ok"> IN class="ok"> 90 class="ok"> CITIES class="ok"> WORLDWIDE

APPENDIX class="ok"> C

1. class="ok"> Cables class="ok"> and class="ok"> Situation class="ok"> Reports class="ok"> from class="ok"> French class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Attachés class="ok"> and class="ok"> Operational
Commanders class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda
In class="ok"> the class="ok"> years class="ok"> leading class="ok"> up class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attachés class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali
(Colonel class="ok"> Rene class="ok"> Galinié class="ok"> from class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1988 class="ok"> – class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Cussac class="ok"> from class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1991
– class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994) class="ok"> provided class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> with class="ok"> regular class="ok"> updates class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> security class="ok"> environment class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> through
both class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> and class="ok"> military class="ok"> channels. class="ok"> At class="ok"> various class="ok"> points, class="ok"> additional class="ok"> security class="ok"> reports class="ok"> were class="ok"> also
provided class="ok"> by class="ok"> operational class="ok"> commanders class="ok"> tasked class="ok"> with class="ok"> unified class="ok"> command class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> elements
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> (Colonel class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Thomann class="ok"> in class="ok"> mid-October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier class="ok"> from
June class="ok"> to class="ok"> November class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> and class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> Delort class="ok"> in class="ok"> February-March class="ok"> 1993).
Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> many class="ok"> such class="ok"> reports class="ok"> have class="ok"> never class="ok"> been class="ok"> publicly class="ok"> released. class="ok"> In class="ok"> his class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> testimony,
Colonel class="ok"> Galinié class="ok"> mentioned class="ok"> a class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attaché class="ok"> report class="ok"> in class="ok"> which class="ok"> he class="ok"> noted class="ok"> a class="ok"> serious class="ok"> risk class="ok"> of class="ok"> violent
massacres class="ok"> as class="ok"> early class="ok"> as class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1990. class="ok"> This class="ok"> report class="ok"> – class="ok"> along class="ok"> with class="ok"> dozens class="ok"> of class="ok"> additional class="ok"> cables, class="ok"> situation
reports, class="ok"> after-action class="ok"> reports, class="ok"> and class="ok"> analyses class="ok"> from class="ok"> Colonels class="ok"> Galinié, class="ok"> Cussac, class="ok"> Thomann, class="ok"> Rosier,
General class="ok"> Delort, class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> officials class="ok"> – class="ok"> remain class="ok"> classified class="ok"> in class="ok"> French class="ok"> archives.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> office class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attaché class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy
in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> through class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> channels class="ok"> from class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1988 class="ok"> to class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> political class="ok"> or class="ok"> military class="ok"> matters class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> from class="ok"> operational
commanders class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Thomann, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier, class="ok"> General
Dominique class="ok"> Delort, class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> officials.

2. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> between class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and
France class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990
Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> held class="ok"> informal class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> with
representatives class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Patriotic class="ok"> Front class="ok"> (RPF) class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kampala. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> an class="ok"> account class="ok"> of class="ok"> one
such class="ok"> meeting, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> attendance class="ok"> dismissed class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> proposals class="ok"> for class="ok"> refugee class="ok"> resettlement class="ok"> and
power-sharing, class="ok"> responding class="ok"> instead class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> blanket class="ok"> demand class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> unilaterally class="ok"> suspend
military class="ok"> activities class="ok"> and class="ok"> accept class="ok"> whatever class="ok"> terms class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> might class="ok"> be class="ok"> willing class="ok"> to class="ok"> offer.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> formal class="ok"> and class="ok"> informal class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> RPF
officials class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> including class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> attended
by class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Yannick class="ok"> Gerard class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kampala class="ok"> on class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> views class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> as class="ok"> to class="ok"> whether
the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> should class="ok"> unilaterally class="ok"> suspend class="ok"> military class="ok"> activities class="ok"> and class="ok"> accept class="ok"> President
Habyarimana’s class="ok"> proposals.

1

3. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> that class="ok"> occurred class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kibilira class="ok"> and class="ok"> elsewhere class="ok"> in
northern class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> early class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990
International class="ok"> media class="ok"> outlets class="ok"> and class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> organizations class="ok"> reported class="ok"> that, class="ok"> shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF’s
offensive class="ok"> into class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> forces class="ok"> directed class="ok"> attacks class="ok"> against
civilians class="ok"> in class="ok"> several class="ok"> heavily class="ok"> Tutsi-populated class="ok"> areas class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> northern class="ok"> provinces. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> suggest
that class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> around class="ok"> 10 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> hundreds class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> were class="ok"> massacred class="ok"> and class="ok"> over class="ok"> 500 class="ok"> homes class="ok"> –
overwhelmingly class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> – class="ok"> were class="ok"> burned class="ok"> down class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> town class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kibilira. class="ok"> Reuters class="ok"> described class="ok"> soldiers
attacking class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> and class="ok"> burning class="ok"> homes class="ok"> while class="ok"> civilian class="ok"> Hutus class="ok"> attacked class="ok"> women class="ok"> and class="ok"> children class="ok"> with
machetes. class="ok"> The class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government, class="ok"> in class="ok"> response class="ok"> to class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> that class="ok"> its class="ok"> national class="ok"> army class="ok"> (the class="ok"> FAR)
had class="ok"> massacred class="ok"> 1,000 class="ok"> in class="ok"> Mutara, class="ok"> claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> they class="ok"> had class="ok"> merely class="ok"> killed class="ok"> between class="ok"> 300 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 500 class="ok"> RPF
rebels class="ok"> dressed class="ok"> in class="ok"> civilian class="ok"> clothes.
Belgian class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> responded class="ok"> by class="ok"> refusing class="ok"> to class="ok"> extend class="ok"> further class="ok"> military class="ok"> aid, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Minister
declared class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime’s class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> violations class="ok"> intolerable. class="ok"> In class="ok"> contrast, class="ok"> Georges
Martres, class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1989 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> did class="ok"> acknowledge class="ok"> the class="ok"> acts class="ok"> of class="ok"> violence
engulfing class="ok"> the class="ok"> country, class="ok"> but class="ok"> also class="ok"> publicly class="ok"> criticized class="ok"> Western class="ok"> media class="ok"> for class="ok"> being class="ok"> manipulated class="ok"> by class="ok"> Tutsi
members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> diaspora.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> information class="ok"> about class="ok"> and class="ok"> discussion class="ok"> of
massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> discussion class="ok"> of class="ok"> or class="ok"> deliberation class="ok"> over class="ok"> the
provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December
1990, class="ok"> including class="ok"> any class="ok"> applicable class="ok"> Rules class="ok"> of class="ok"> Engagement; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> about class="ok"> media class="ok"> coverage class="ok"> of
events class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990.

4. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> summary class="ok"> arrests class="ok"> of class="ok"> purported class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> collaborators class="ok"> following class="ok"> the
1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> offensive
On class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> Le class="ok"> Monde class="ok"> reported class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government’s
hunt class="ok"> for class="ok"> arms class="ok"> and class="ok"> rebels class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> popular class="ok"> Nyamirambo class="ok"> neighborhood class="ok"> is class="ok"> brutal. class="ok"> In class="ok"> the
nearby class="ok"> stadium, class="ok"> the class="ok"> army class="ok"> has class="ok"> collected class="ok"> a class="ok"> few class="ok"> hundred class="ok"> “suspects.” class="ok"> This class="ok"> rather class="ok"> vague
official class="ok"> term class="ok"> could class="ok"> designate class="ok"> other class="ok"> citizens class="ok"> than class="ok"> the class="ok"> invaders' class="ok"> supporters, class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi
origin.
Other class="ok"> publications class="ok"> placed class="ok"> estimates class="ok"> of class="ok"> arrests class="ok"> as class="ok"> high class="ok"> as class="ok"> 3000.
International class="ok"> outcry class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> came class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> media class="ok"> and class="ok"> foreign
governments. class="ok"> On class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> Mark class="ok"> Eyskens class="ok"> spoke class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwandan
Ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> Francois class="ok"> Ngarukiyintwali class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government’s class="ok"> violation class="ok"> of
its class="ok"> citizens’ class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> – class="ok"> in class="ok"> particular, class="ok"> the class="ok"> summary class="ok"> arrests class="ok"> of class="ok"> purported class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> sympathizers. class="ok"> On
10 class="ok"> October, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Quai class="ok"> d'Orsay class="ok"> issued class="ok"> a class="ok"> statement, class="ok"> declaring class="ok"> that class="ok"> it class="ok"> hoped class="ok"> that class="ok"> any class="ok"> excess class="ok"> could class="ok"> be
2

avoided class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> resolution class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> crisis class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> called class="ok"> on class="ok"> local class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> to class="ok"> “engage class="ok"> in
dialogue.” class="ok"> Belgium's class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> Johan class="ok"> Swinnen class="ok"> personally class="ok"> urged class="ok"> President class="ok"> Juvenal
Habyarimana class="ok"> “to class="ok"> respect class="ok"> the class="ok"> rights class="ok"> of class="ok"> people class="ok"> detained class="ok"> in class="ok"> an class="ok"> anti-rebel class="ok"> mopping class="ok"> up class="ok"> operation.”
When class="ok"> reporters class="ok"> were class="ok"> able class="ok"> to class="ok"> gain class="ok"> access class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Nyamirambo class="ok"> the class="ok"> stadium class="ok"> on class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> October, class="ok"> they class="ok"> “found
it class="ok"> empty class="ok"> . class="ok"> . class="ok"> . class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> whereabouts class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> detainees class="ok"> was class="ok"> not class="ok"> known.”
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> to class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses
perpetrated class="ok"> by class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> government class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1
November class="ok"> 1990;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> by class="ok"> or class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> arrests class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> civilians,
and class="ok"> justifications class="ok"> for class="ok"> those class="ok"> arrests, class="ok"> dated class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> November class="ok"> 1990;
and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> by class="ok"> or class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> Nyamirambo class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1
October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> November class="ok"> 1990.

5. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> deliberations class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> officials class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> withdrawal
of class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> Troops
On class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> a class="ok"> company class="ok"> of class="ok"> approximately class="ok"> 150 class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> arrived class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali, class="ok"> launching
Opération class="ok"> Noroît. class="ok"> Originally class="ok"> tasked class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> short-term class="ok"> mission class="ok"> to class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> French class="ok"> nationals, class="ok"> Noroît
combat class="ok"> forces class="ok"> ultimately class="ok"> remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> for class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> three class="ok"> years. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that
multiple class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> doubts class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> need class="ok"> for class="ok"> and, class="ok"> over class="ok"> time, class="ok"> the class="ok"> advisability
of class="ok"> a class="ok"> sustained class="ok"> troop class="ok"> presence. class="ok"> Shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> directing class="ok"> the class="ok"> initial class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> deployment, class="ok"> Admiral
Jacques class="ok"> Lanxade, class="ok"> chief class="ok"> military class="ok"> adviser class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> President class="ok"> François class="ok"> Mitterrand, class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> a
partial class="ok"> withdrawal. class="ok"> He class="ok"> explained class="ok"> that class="ok"> it class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> better class="ok"> for class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> not class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> implicated class="ok"> in
the class="ok"> serious class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> that class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> perpetrated class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> population.
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> records class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> during class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation, class="ok"> Lanxade’s class="ok"> successor, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Christian
Quesnot, class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> felt class="ok"> similarly, class="ok"> at class="ok"> one class="ok"> point class="ok"> suggesting class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> permanent class="ok"> French class="ok"> military
presence class="ok"> may class="ok"> no class="ok"> longer class="ok"> be class="ok"> militarily class="ok"> justified. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> other class="ok"> advisers, class="ok"> including
head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> René class="ok"> Galinié, class="ok"> Élysée class="ok"> official class="ok"> Gilles
Vidal, class="ok"> Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> Staff class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Joxe, class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> Operation class="ok"> Noroît
Colonel class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Thomann, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Élysée class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> adviser class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> Pin class="ok"> also class="ok"> pointed class="ok"> out
potential class="ok"> negative class="ok"> consequences class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> troop class="ok"> presence.
Despite class="ok"> the class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> raised class="ok"> by class="ok"> Admiral class="ok"> Lanxade class="ok"> and class="ok"> others, class="ok"> documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> President
Mitterrand class="ok"> personally class="ok"> delayed class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> troop class="ok"> withdrawal class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> face class="ok"> of class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> and
reportedly class="ok"> assured class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> will class="ok"> continue class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> military class="ok"> support
for class="ok"> his class="ok"> regime. class="ok"> The class="ok"> rationale class="ok"> for class="ok"> Mitterrand’s class="ok"> decision, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Élysée’s class="ok"> response class="ok"> to class="ok"> senior
officials’ class="ok"> hesitations class="ok"> about class="ok"> continued class="ok"> a class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> deployment, class="ok"> have class="ok"> not class="ok"> been class="ok"> fully class="ok"> explained class="ok"> in
documents class="ok"> that class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> publicly class="ok"> released.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
3

•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> providing class="ok"> justifications class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> deployment class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> during
Opération class="ok"> Noroît;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> providing class="ok"> justifications class="ok"> for class="ok"> continued class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> through class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Noroît;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> raised class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
troop class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> connection class="ok"> with class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Noroît;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> responses class="ok"> from class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> (e.g., class="ok"> President
Mitterrand, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres) class="ok"> to class="ok"> such class="ok"> concerns; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> between class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> France’s
continued class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.

6. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand’s class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> with class="ok"> JeanPierre class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1990-1991
Since class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1990s, class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> have class="ok"> persisted class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> personal class="ok"> and class="ok"> private class="ok"> business class="ok"> relationships
between class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand, class="ok"> son class="ok"> of class="ok"> President class="ok"> Mitterrand, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Jean-Pierre class="ok"> Habyarimana,
son class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> President class="ok"> Juvenal class="ok"> Habyarimana. class="ok"> Although class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> has
repeatedly class="ok"> denied class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> Jean-Pierre class="ok"> Habyarimana, class="ok"> multiple class="ok"> sources class="ok"> and class="ok"> at class="ok"> least class="ok"> one class="ok"> official
eyewitness class="ok"> have class="ok"> suggested class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> two class="ok"> enjoyed class="ok"> a class="ok"> close class="ok"> personal class="ok"> friendship class="ok"> and class="ok"> private class="ok"> business
relationship. class="ok"> As class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Élysée’s class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> cell class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1986-1992, class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> allegedly
maintained class="ok"> this class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> during class="ok"> a class="ok"> time class="ok"> when class="ok"> he class="ok"> held class="ok"> a class="ok"> significant class="ok"> position class="ok"> of class="ok"> influence class="ok"> over
French class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> policy. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that, class="ok"> one class="ok"> day class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> conflict class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> began class="ok"> on
1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> placed class="ok"> a class="ok"> call class="ok"> to class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> to class="ok"> request class="ok"> military
support. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation, class="ok"> the class="ok"> young class="ok"> Mitterrand
immediately class="ok"> agreed class="ok"> to class="ok"> send class="ok"> military class="ok"> assistance.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> or class="ok"> suggesting class="ok"> a class="ok"> personal class="ok"> or class="ok"> business class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> between
any class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> and class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> families;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> between class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> and
Jean-Pierre class="ok"> Habyarimana, class="ok"> including class="ok"> documents class="ok"> describing class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> their
mutual class="ok"> involvement class="ok"> in class="ok"> any class="ok"> business class="ok"> venture(s); class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> a class="ok"> conversation class="ok"> between class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> and
Juvenal class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> on class="ok"> 2 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwanda’s class="ok"> request class="ok"> for class="ok"> French class="ok"> assistance
in class="ok"> 1990.

7. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret’s class="ok"> warnings class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> about class="ok"> the
Rwandan class="ok"> military’s class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> rhetoric
Documents class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret, class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Cooperation
Mission class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> met class="ok"> with class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> staff class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> evidence
reviewed class="ok"> during class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation, class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Pierre-Célestin class="ok"> Rwagafilita class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
Rwandan class="ok"> Gendarmerie, class="ok"> sought class="ok"> to class="ok"> enlist class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret’s class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> obtaining class="ok"> heavy class="ok"> weaponry class="ok"> for class="ok"> his
4

police class="ok"> force. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> objected, class="ok"> stating class="ok"> that class="ok"> such class="ok"> firepower class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> inappropriate
for class="ok"> a class="ok"> force class="ok"> dedicated class="ok"> simply class="ok"> to class="ok"> maintaining class="ok"> order. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Rwagafilita class="ok"> reportedly class="ok"> responded class="ok"> by class="ok"> asking class="ok"> to
speak class="ok"> in class="ok"> private class="ok"> and class="ok"> then class="ok"> confiding class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> necessary class="ok"> in class="ok"> order class="ok"> to class="ok"> “liquidate” class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi
from class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> has class="ok"> stated class="ok"> publicly class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> horrified class="ok"> by class="ok"> Rwagafilita’s class="ok"> comments class="ok"> and class="ok"> demanded
the class="ok"> colonel’s class="ok"> resignation class="ok"> during class="ok"> a class="ok"> subsequent class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> in class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990.
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> also class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> made class="ok"> repeated class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> warn class="ok"> superiors class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocidal
sentiments class="ok"> within class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> government class="ok"> in class="ok"> official class="ok"> telegrams class="ok"> and class="ok"> during class="ok"> “crisis class="ok"> meetings” class="ok"> on
French-Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperation. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> at class="ok"> least class="ok"> three class="ok"> of class="ok"> Varret’s class="ok"> telegrams class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paris
(on class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> and class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993) class="ok"> have class="ok"> never class="ok"> been class="ok"> released.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret’s class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> about class="ok"> French class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the
Rwandan class="ok"> Gendarmerie, class="ok"> anti-Tutsi class="ok"> sentiments class="ok"> held class="ok"> by class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> political class="ok"> and/or
military class="ok"> officials, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> violence;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting(s) class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> about class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> attended class="ok"> by
General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> officials;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting(s) class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> about class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> attended class="ok"> by
General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres, class="ok"> and class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Pierre-Célestin class="ok"> Rwagafilita, class="ok"> including
documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> allegedly class="ok"> anti-Tutsi class="ok"> sentiments class="ok"> he class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> or class="ok"> held, class="ok"> documents
concerning class="ok"> any class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> reservations class="ok"> about class="ok"> his class="ok"> leadership class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
Gendarmerie, class="ok"> and class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> any class="ok"> actions class="ok"> taken class="ok"> to class="ok"> remove class="ok"> him class="ok"> from class="ok"> his
position class="ok"> or class="ok"> lobby class="ok"> for class="ok"> his class="ok"> removal;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> telegrams, class="ok"> reports, class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> written class="ok"> communications class="ok"> sent class="ok"> by
General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 30 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1993,
including class="ok"> telegrams class="ok"> sent class="ok"> on class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> and class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> February
1993; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> or class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> involving class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> and
representatives class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Armed class="ok"> Forces, class="ok"> Élysée, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign
Affairs class="ok"> during class="ok"> which class="ok"> French class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> government class="ok"> was
discussed.

8. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> pressure class="ok"> allegedly class="ok"> placed class="ok"> upon class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> by class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> President
Paul class="ok"> Quiles class="ok"> to class="ok"> temper class="ok"> his class="ok"> testimony class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> committee class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1998
On class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1998, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> testified class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> National class="ok"> Assembly’s class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> d’information
sur class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> a class="ok"> committee class="ok"> charged class="ok"> with class="ok"> investigating class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1990-1994 class="ok"> (the
MIP). class="ok"> Years class="ok"> later, class="ok"> he class="ok"> told class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> spoke class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> committee class="ok"> twice class="ok"> but class="ok"> that class="ok"> only class="ok"> his class="ok"> second
deposition class="ok"> was class="ok"> reflected class="ok"> in class="ok"> public class="ok"> documents. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret, class="ok"> after class="ok"> his class="ok"> first class="ok"> interview,
Committee class="ok"> President class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Quiles class="ok"> asked class="ok"> him class="ok"> to class="ok"> testify class="ok"> again class="ok"> and class="ok"> temper class="ok"> his class="ok"> statements. class="ok"> No class="ok"> record class="ok"> of class="ok"> any
additional class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> interview class="ok"> by class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> has class="ok"> been class="ok"> publicly class="ok"> released.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:

5

•
•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> all class="ok"> testimony class="ok"> provided class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> by class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> authored class="ok"> or class="ok"> edited class="ok"> by class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> which class="ok"> relate class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> content class="ok"> of class="ok"> his
MIP class="ok"> testimony, class="ok"> including class="ok"> all class="ok"> trip class="ok"> reports class="ok"> from class="ok"> his class="ok"> visits class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> by class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> before class="ok"> testifying class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP, class="ok"> including
Ambassador class="ok"> Martres’ class="ok"> end-of-mission class="ok"> report;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> instructions class="ok"> given class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> by class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> President class="ok"> Paul
Quiles class="ok"> or class="ok"> others class="ok"> which class="ok"> in class="ok"> any class="ok"> way class="ok"> relate class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> content class="ok"> of class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret’s class="ok"> testimony;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> pressure class="ok"> placed class="ok"> on class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> to class="ok"> alter class="ok"> his class="ok"> testimony
before class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> accuracy class="ok"> or class="ok"> completeness class="ok"> of class="ok"> General class="ok"> Varret’s class="ok"> testimony
delivered class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> on class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1998.

9. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> and class="ok"> actions class="ok"> subsequent class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bagogwe
massacres class="ok"> from class="ok"> January class="ok"> - class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1991
In class="ok"> late class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> led class="ok"> an class="ok"> incursion class="ok"> into class="ok"> Ruhengeri, class="ok"> freeing class="ok"> a class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan
prisoners class="ok"> jailed class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ruhengeri class="ok"> Prison class="ok"> in class="ok"> Mukingo. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> retaliation class="ok"> for class="ok"> the
prison class="ok"> raid, class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> combatants class="ok"> and class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> massacred class="ok"> between class="ok"> 500 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1000 class="ok"> people
belonging class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bagogwe class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> group class="ok"> in class="ok"> northwestern class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> The class="ok"> killings class="ok"> began class="ok"> immediately
after class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ruhengeri class="ok"> attack class="ok"> and class="ok"> continued class="ok"> for class="ok"> at class="ok"> least class="ok"> three class="ok"> weeks.
Amnesty class="ok"> International class="ok"> reported class="ok"> that class="ok"> local class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> encouraged class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> and class="ok"> that
several class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> killed class="ok"> unarmed class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> civilian class="ok"> prisoners class="ok"> who class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> accused class="ok"> of class="ok"> aiding class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF.
The class="ok"> Flemish class="ok"> paper class="ok"> that class="ok"> broke class="ok"> the class="ok"> news class="ok"> in class="ok"> Europe class="ok"> declared class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bagogwe class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> “could
speak class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> real class="ok"> genocide.”
Despite class="ok"> the class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> role class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bagogwe class="ok"> killings class="ok"> in class="ok"> early class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> France
reinforced class="ok"> its class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> on class="ok"> 21 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> with class="ok"> additional class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> from class="ok"> the
Panda class="ok"> DAMI. class="ok"> In class="ok"> Europe, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bagogwe class="ok"> killings class="ok"> were class="ok"> not class="ok"> reported class="ok"> until class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> several class="ok"> months
after class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> had class="ok"> taken class="ok"> place.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> reinforce class="ok"> its class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Mission
with class="ok"> the class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> Panda;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> orders class="ok"> or class="ok"> directives class="ok"> given class="ok"> to class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> its class="ok"> mission
between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> information class="ok"> about class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> international class="ok"> crimes
in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> including class="ok"> those class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> the
Bagogwe class="ok"> massacres.

6

10. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> French class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> hold class="ok"> ceasefire class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> in
1991
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that, class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> ceasefire class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> France class="ok"> sought
to class="ok"> have class="ok"> future class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris. class="ok"> But class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> was class="ok"> reluctant class="ok"> to class="ok"> let class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> preside class="ok"> over
these class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> since class="ok"> France class="ok"> supported class="ok"> one class="ok"> party class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> other. class="ok"> Ultimately, class="ok"> the class="ok"> negotiations
were class="ok"> moved class="ok"> to class="ok"> Arusha, class="ok"> Tanzania, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Tanzania class="ok"> presided class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> negotiations.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> or class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> by class="ok"> France class="ok"> to class="ok"> hold class="ok"> ceasefire
negotiations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> with class="ok"> France class="ok"> serving class="ok"> as class="ok"> chair.

11. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud’s class="ok"> conduct class="ok"> during class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF
from class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> – class="ok"> 1992
Contemporaneous class="ok"> records class="ok"> reflect class="ok"> that, class="ok"> from class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> to class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> met class="ok"> with
RPF class="ok"> delegations class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> capacity class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Director class="ok"> of class="ok"> African class="ok"> and class="ok"> Malagasy class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs. class="ok"> Public class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reveal class="ok"> key class="ok"> differences class="ok"> between class="ok"> Dijoud’s class="ok"> and class="ok"> his
colleagues’ class="ok"> accounts class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> accounts class="ok"> of class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> (and, class="ok"> in class="ok"> some
cases, class="ok"> attending class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials). class="ok"> While class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> stressed class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> neutrality class="ok"> as
a class="ok"> mediator, class="ok"> records class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> contemporaneous class="ok"> statements class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> involvement, class="ok"> the
RPF’s class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> status class="ok"> as class="ok"> “foreign class="ok"> aggressors,” class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> viability class="ok"> of class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> political class="ok"> influence class="ok"> in class="ok"> a
Rwandan class="ok"> democracy class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> otherwise. class="ok"> The class="ok"> disparity class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> accounts class="ok"> of
Dijoud’s class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> appears class="ok"> particularly class="ok"> evident class="ok"> in class="ok"> relation class="ok"> to class="ok"> two class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> held class="ok"> in class="ok"> August class="ok"> and
September class="ok"> 1991.
On class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> met class="ok"> with class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> from class="ok"> Uganda, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana
government, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris. class="ok"> Prior class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting, class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> reportedly class="ok"> reached class="ok"> out class="ok"> to class="ok"> RPF
officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> assure class="ok"> them class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> would class="ok"> play class="ok"> a class="ok"> neutral class="ok"> role. class="ok"> During class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting, class="ok"> however,
Rwandan class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> Casimir class="ok"> Bizimungu class="ok"> reported class="ok"> that class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> made class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> allegiance
clear, class="ok"> warning class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> precluded class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of
an class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> victory.
From class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 23 class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> another class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> delegation class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> Major class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> met class="ok"> with
Dijoud class="ok"> and class="ok"> Jean-Christophe class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris. class="ok"> After class="ok"> the class="ok"> visit, class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> reported class="ok"> to class="ok"> Ambassador
Martres class="ok"> that class="ok"> “the class="ok"> RPF, class="ok"> like class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> welcome[s] class="ok"> all class="ok"> our class="ok"> initiatives.” class="ok"> Major
Kagame class="ok"> had class="ok"> a class="ok"> very class="ok"> different class="ok"> recollection, class="ok"> claiming class="ok"> that class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> showed class="ok"> complete class="ok"> and class="ok"> explicit
support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> talks class="ok"> and class="ok"> issued class="ok"> a class="ok"> foreboding class="ok"> warning class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF
must class="ok"> stop class="ok"> fighting. class="ok"> Other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> delegation class="ok"> confirmed class="ok"> Kagame’s class="ok"> account. class="ok"> Indeed,
more class="ok"> than class="ok"> nine class="ok"> months class="ok"> later, class="ok"> a class="ok"> U.S. class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> cable class="ok"> documented class="ok"> that class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> negotiators class="ok"> at class="ok"> Dar class="ok"> es
Salaam class="ok"> remained class="ok"> troubled class="ok"> by class="ok"> Dijoud’s class="ok"> words.

7

The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> or class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> attended class="ok"> by class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud
and class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> – class="ok"> including
meetings class="ok"> held class="ok"> on class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> 17-23 class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> 23-25 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> and
14-15 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> or class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> the class="ok"> view class="ok"> attributed class="ok"> to class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> during class="ok"> the
meetings class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> precluded class="ok"> any class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> an
RPF class="ok"> victory;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> or class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> warnings class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials
delivered class="ok"> to class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> during class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> between class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> January
1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> or class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> assurances class="ok"> made class="ok"> by class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> to class="ok"> Habyarimana
that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> could class="ok"> not class="ok"> win class="ok"> elections class="ok"> because class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> minority class="ok"> status;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> meeting(s) class="ok"> with class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> trips class="ok"> made class="ok"> by class="ok"> Paul
Kagame class="ok"> to class="ok"> France;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> detaining class="ok"> and class="ok"> jailing class="ok"> of class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> Emmanuel
Ndahiro class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1991;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> and class="ok"> actions class="ok"> by class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Barril class="ok"> to class="ok"> conduct class="ok"> “parallel
diplomacy” class="ok"> in class="ok"> conjunction class="ok"> with class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> and class="ok"> actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> when class="ok"> RPF
representatives, class="ok"> including class="ok"> Major class="ok"> Kagame, class="ok"> visited class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> in class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1991;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> events, class="ok"> actions, class="ok"> and class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> involving class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Barril
and class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Eli class="ok"> Sagawata class="ok"> in class="ok"> September class="ok"> and class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1991; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> between class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Barril class="ok"> and class="ok"> Fabian class="ok"> Singaye class="ok"> in class="ok"> 19911992, class="ok"> including class="ok"> an class="ok"> August class="ok"> 23, class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> letter class="ok"> from class="ok"> Singaye class="ok"> to class="ok"> Barril, class="ok"> stressing class="ok"> that class="ok"> their
relations class="ok"> should class="ok"> remain class="ok"> “strictly class="ok"> private class="ok"> and class="ok"> secret” class="ok"> and class="ok"> “confirming class="ok"> the class="ok"> collaboration
between class="ok"> our class="ok"> security class="ok"> services class="ok"> and class="ok"> yours”.

12. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> and class="ok"> training class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> the
Impuzamugambi.
The class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> operated class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> militia class="ok"> arm class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> National class="ok"> Republican class="ok"> Movement
for class="ok"> Democracy class="ok"> and class="ok"> Development class="ok"> (“MRND”) class="ok"> political class="ok"> party class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> through class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> The class="ok"> MRND class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> sole class="ok"> political class="ok"> party class="ok"> until class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> when
a class="ok"> change class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> constitution class="ok"> facilitated class="ok"> the class="ok"> proliferation class="ok"> of class="ok"> other class="ok"> parties. class="ok"> In class="ok"> addition class="ok"> to
carrying class="ok"> out class="ok"> organized class="ok"> killings class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> also class="ok"> participated class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
murders class="ok"> of class="ok"> MRND class="ok"> political class="ok"> enemies class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> years class="ok"> leading class="ok"> up class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> reviewed
during class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> “operated class="ok"> with class="ok"> almost class="ok"> total class="ok"> impunity” class="ok"> in
the class="ok"> years class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> result class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> support class="ok"> they class="ok"> received class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana
regime.
In class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> the class="ok"> new class="ok"> hardline, class="ok"> right-wing class="ok"> Coalition class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Republic class="ok"> (“CDR”) class="ok"> created
a class="ok"> youth class="ok"> wing class="ok"> called class="ok"> the class="ok"> Impuzamugambi, class="ok"> which class="ok"> functioned class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> political class="ok"> party’s class="ok"> militia. class="ok"> The
ICTR class="ok"> found class="ok"> that class="ok"> CDR class="ok"> co-founder class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Bosco class="ok"> Barayagwiza class="ok"> directed class="ok"> the class="ok"> Impuzamugambi class="ok"> to class="ok"> carry
out class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> acts class="ok"> of class="ok"> violence class="ok"> on class="ok"> his class="ok"> orders. class="ok"> The class="ok"> Impuzamugambi class="ok"> stopped, class="ok"> harassed,
8

beat, class="ok"> and class="ok"> killed class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> at class="ok"> roadblocks class="ok"> around class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> before class="ok"> and class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> Together class="ok"> with
the class="ok"> Interahamwe, class="ok"> the class="ok"> militia class="ok"> group class="ok"> was class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> of class="ok"> large class="ok"> numbers class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi
civilians.
a. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> at
Gabiro
Reports class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> supporters class="ok"> began class="ok"> increasing
the class="ok"> recruitment class="ok"> and class="ok"> training class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe, class="ok"> which class="ok"> had class="ok"> proven class="ok"> their class="ok"> effectiveness class="ok"> at class="ok"> attacking
Tutsi class="ok"> and class="ok"> political class="ok"> opponents class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> during class="ok"> this
Investigation class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> began class="ok"> training class="ok"> troops class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gabiro class="ok"> and class="ok"> Mukamira, class="ok"> among class="ok"> other
locations. class="ok"> Some class="ok"> sources class="ok"> also class="ok"> claim class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> witnessed class="ok"> the class="ok"> training class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> at class="ok"> a class="ok"> military
camp class="ok"> in class="ok"> Gabiro.
Records class="ok"> of class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> several class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> trainers
were class="ok"> present class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gabiro class="ok"> between class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> – class="ok"> a class="ok"> period
during class="ok"> which class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> received class="ok"> training class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> camp.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> or class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> or class="ok"> civilian
officials class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government’s class="ok"> recruitment class="ok"> and class="ok"> training class="ok"> of class="ok"> Interahamwe,
Impuzamugambi, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> other class="ok"> militia class="ok"> groups class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gabiro;
All class="ok"> Rules class="ok"> of class="ok"> Engagement class="ok"> applicable class="ok"> to class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> forces class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> or class="ok"> Frenchaffiliated class="ok"> military class="ok"> officers class="ok"> assigned class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> present class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gabiro;
All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> videos class="ok"> and class="ok"> photographs, class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> involvement class="ok"> of class="ok"> French
officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> training class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> overseeing, class="ok"> coordinating, class="ok"> or class="ok"> facilitating class="ok"> the class="ok"> training class="ok"> of
Interahamwe, class="ok"> Impuzamugambi, class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> militia class="ok"> groups;
All class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> Gabiro
between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> photographs class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> activities class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gabiro class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990
and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> video class="ok"> or class="ok"> audio class="ok"> materials class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> activities class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gabiro
between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994.

b. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> at
Mukamira
Documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> during class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> trained class="ok"> some
Interahamwe class="ok"> militia class="ok"> troops class="ok"> at class="ok"> a class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> in class="ok"> Mukamira, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> northwestern class="ok"> region class="ok"> of
Rwanda class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> road class="ok"> between class="ok"> Ruhengeri class="ok"> and class="ok"> Gisenyi. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> reports, class="ok"> FAR
forces class="ok"> stationed class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Mukamira class="ok"> camp class="ok"> were class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses,
including class="ok"> the class="ok"> provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> of class="ok"> Bagogwe class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
habitual class="ok"> beating class="ok"> and class="ok"> killing class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> and class="ok"> MRND class="ok"> political class="ok"> opponents class="ok"> interrogated class="ok"> at class="ok"> the
camp.
9

Documents class="ok"> obtained class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> officials class="ok"> were
present class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> camp class="ok"> in class="ok"> Mukamira class="ok"> between class="ok"> November class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1993.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> or class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> or class="ok"> civilian
officials class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government’s class="ok"> recruitment class="ok"> and class="ok"> training class="ok"> of class="ok"> Interahamwe,
Impuzamugambi, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> other class="ok"> militia class="ok"> groups class="ok"> at class="ok"> Mukamira;
All class="ok"> Rules class="ok"> of class="ok"> Engagement class="ok"> applicable class="ok"> to class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> or class="ok"> French-affiliated
military class="ok"> officers class="ok"> assigned class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> present class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> at class="ok"> Mukamira;
All class="ok"> situation class="ok"> reports class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> stationed class="ok"> at class="ok"> the
Mukamira class="ok"> military class="ok"> camp class="ok"> between class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> regarding
Mukamira class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> photographs class="ok"> of class="ok"> any class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> activities class="ok"> at class="ok"> Mukamira class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1
October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> video class="ok"> or class="ok"> audio class="ok"> materials class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> activities class="ok"> at class="ok"> Mukamira
between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994.

13. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> distribution class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> militia
groups class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> months class="ok"> leading class="ok"> up class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> massacres
Documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> during class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> – class="ok"> weeks class="ok"> before class="ok"> the
Bugesera class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> – class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> communications class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> hundreds class="ok"> of class="ok"> firearms
that class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> distributed class="ok"> by class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> agents class="ok"> to class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> for class="ok"> auto-defense class="ok"> against class="ok"> RPF
advances. class="ok"> In class="ok"> reviewing class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interior class="ok"> Faustin class="ok"> Munyaneza
to class="ok"> distribute class="ok"> the class="ok"> weapons, class="ok"> one class="ok"> French class="ok"> official class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> reservations class="ok"> about class="ok"> arming class="ok"> the class="ok"> civilians
because, class="ok"> among class="ok"> other class="ok"> things, class="ok"> the class="ok"> local class="ok"> leaders class="ok"> charged class="ok"> with class="ok"> distributing class="ok"> the class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> were
members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> MRND.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> distribution class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> to
civilians, class="ok"> particularly class="ok"> militia class="ok"> groups class="ok"> such class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interahamwe, class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
government class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interior
between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994.

14. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Georges class="ok"> Martres’ class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> atrocities class="ok"> committed
against class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> MRND’s class="ok"> political class="ok"> opponents class="ok"> and class="ok"> information-sharing class="ok"> activities
with class="ok"> other class="ok"> Western class="ok"> diplomats
Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that, class="ok"> during class="ok"> his class="ok"> tenure class="ok"> as class="ok"> ambassador, class="ok"> George class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> staff class="ok"> received
information class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> persistent class="ok"> persecution class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> transmitted class="ok"> that
10

information class="ok"> back class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs. class="ok"> In class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres
sent class="ok"> a class="ok"> cable class="ok"> to class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> Delaye, class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> Cell class="ok"> at class="ok"> Élysée, class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ambassador’s class="ok"> meeting
with class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Carbonare, class="ok"> a class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Federation class="ok"> internationale class="ok"> des class="ok"> droits class="ok"> de class="ok"> l’homme class="ok"> (“FIDH”)
Commission class="ok"> conducting class="ok"> a class="ok"> fact-finding class="ok"> mission class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Martres’ class="ok"> cable class="ok"> discussed class="ok"> (1) class="ok"> the
systematic class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> of class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> Tutsi; class="ok"> (2) class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> responsibility class="ok"> for class="ok"> those
massacres; class="ok"> and class="ok"> (3) class="ok"> the class="ok"> perceived class="ok"> complicity class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> who class="ok"> protected class="ok"> French class="ok"> nationals class="ok"> while
others class="ok"> perished. class="ok"> In class="ok"> a class="ok"> cable class="ok"> back class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Justice, class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> predicted class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> FIDH’s class="ok"> final
report class="ok"> would class="ok"> “only class="ok"> add class="ok"> horror class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> horror class="ok"> we class="ok"> already class="ok"> know.…”
Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres, class="ok"> among class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> officials, class="ok"> may class="ok"> have
received class="ok"> information class="ok"> about class="ok"> atrocities class="ok"> through class="ok"> other class="ok"> western class="ok"> diplomats. class="ok"> Following class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera
massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> several class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reference class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> between class="ok"> diplomats class="ok"> of class="ok"> several
Western class="ok"> donor class="ok"> countries class="ok"> to class="ok"> exchange class="ok"> information class="ok"> about class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> and class="ok"> discuss class="ok"> collective class="ok"> action.
Records class="ok"> show class="ok"> that class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> shared class="ok"> his class="ok"> fears class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> violence class="ok"> with class="ok"> his class="ok"> Parisian
colleagues. class="ok"> Shortly class="ok"> thereafter, class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> dispatched class="ok"> staff class="ok"> to class="ok"> investigate class="ok"> the class="ok"> killings class="ok"> at
Bugesera.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> and class="ok"> atrocities class="ok"> against
Tutsi class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> MRND’s class="ok"> political class="ok"> opponents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> correspondence class="ok"> between
Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> and class="ok"> officials class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> between
1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1989, class="ok"> and class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1993;
Internal class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> memoranda class="ok"> or class="ok"> reports class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between
1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1989, class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1993;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relevant class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> massacres
conducted class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> including class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> staff class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31
August class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> or class="ok"> executed class="ok"> collective class="ok"> actions class="ok"> by class="ok"> Western class="ok"> diplomats
in class="ok"> response class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> or class="ok"> regarding
communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Swinnen class="ok"> or
between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> diplomats class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> or class="ok"> executed class="ok"> changes class="ok"> in class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> support
policy class="ok"> that class="ok"> occurred class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> result class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> massacres.

15. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government’s class="ok"> reaction class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> Report
After class="ok"> sending class="ok"> a class="ok"> fact-finding class="ok"> commission class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> for class="ok"> two class="ok"> weeks class="ok"> in class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> the class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> and
other class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> groups class="ok"> released class="ok"> their class="ok"> Report class="ok"> on class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> on class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> March
1993. class="ok"> Shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> their class="ok"> departure class="ok"> from class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> violence class="ok"> against class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> appears class="ok"> to class="ok"> have
intensified.
Documents class="ok"> show class="ok"> that class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> commission’s class="ok"> trip, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> had class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> Jean
Carbonare, class="ok"> a class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> fact-finding class="ok"> mission. class="ok"> Mr. class="ok"> Carbonare class="ok"> kept class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres
11

informed class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> mission’s class="ok"> findings class="ok"> as class="ok"> they class="ok"> developed. class="ok"> Shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> Mr. class="ok"> Carbonare class="ok"> returned class="ok"> to
France, class="ok"> he class="ok"> gave class="ok"> an class="ok"> interview class="ok"> with class="ok"> France class="ok"> 2 class="ok"> during class="ok"> which class="ok"> he class="ok"> compared class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> cleansing class="ok"> taking class="ok"> place class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> time class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Balkans.
Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> during class="ok"> a class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> ministerial class="ok"> meeting, class="ok"> French class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation
Marcel class="ok"> DeBarge class="ok"> told class="ok"> attendees class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> Report class="ok"> was class="ok"> damning class="ok"> with class="ok"> respect class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwandan
government class="ok"> troops class="ok"> and class="ok"> noted class="ok"> that class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> was class="ok"> planning class="ok"> to class="ok"> recall class="ok"> its class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> for
consultations. class="ok"> President class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> requested class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> France class="ok"> be
summoned class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> explanations. class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> ambassador
remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

•

•
•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> or class="ok"> deliberations class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding
the class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> visit class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> or class="ok"> deliberations class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> reacting
to class="ok"> the class="ok"> release class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> Report;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> Watch’s class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> January
1993 class="ok"> press class="ok"> release class="ok"> condemning class="ok"> the class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> violence class="ok"> “threatened class="ok"> by class="ok"> local class="ok"> government
officials” class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> violence class="ok"> in class="ok"> late class="ok"> January
1993 class="ok"> “following class="ok"> the class="ok"> departure class="ok"> . class="ok"> . class="ok"> . class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> [FIDH] class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> . class="ok"> . class="ok"> . class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> majority
Hutu class="ok"> resuming class="ok"> violent class="ok"> attacks class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> minority class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> northwestern class="ok"> regions class="ok"> of
Gisenyi class="ok"> and class="ok"> Ruhengeri”;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> restricted class="ok"> council class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> the class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> Report;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> to class="ok"> – class="ok"> or class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government’s
reaction class="ok"> to class="ok"> – class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Carbonare’s class="ok"> 28 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> France class="ok"> 2 class="ok"> interview, class="ok"> during class="ok"> which class="ok"> he
compared class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacre class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> cleansing class="ok"> taking class="ok"> place class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
Balkans;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> any class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> between class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> and class="ok"> Jean
Carbonare class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> explanations, class="ok"> in class="ok"> connection class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Ambassador
being class="ok"> summoned class="ok"> by class="ok"> President class="ok"> Mitterrand.

16. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> familiarity class="ok"> and class="ok"> involvement class="ok"> with, class="ok"> and class="ok"> support class="ok"> for,
Rwandan class="ok"> media
Records class="ok"> show class="ok"> that, class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> spring class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> onset class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide
two class="ok"> years class="ok"> later, class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> helped class="ok"> fuel class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> violence class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> nationwide class="ok"> hatred class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi.
Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> spite class="ok"> of class="ok"> clear class="ok"> indications class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> potential class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> to class="ok"> spark
genocidal class="ok"> violence, class="ok"> France class="ok"> continued class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> financial class="ok"> and class="ok"> technical class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda
and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Office class="ok"> of class="ok"> Information class="ok"> (“ORINFOR”) class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> years class="ok"> leading class="ok"> up class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide.
Evidence class="ok"> also class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that, class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> outbreak class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> France class="ok"> failed class="ok"> to class="ok"> make class="ok"> sufficient
12

efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> shut class="ok"> down class="ok"> broadcasts class="ok"> from class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda’s class="ok"> hate-media class="ok"> offshoot, class="ok"> Radio-Television class="ok"> Libre
des class="ok"> Mille class="ok"> Collines class="ok"> (“RTLM”).
a. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> capacity class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> to
spark class="ok"> genocide
The class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> began class="ok"> after class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> repeatedly class="ok"> broadcast
an class="ok"> unsubstantiated class="ok"> report class="ok"> of class="ok"> an class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> plot class="ok"> to class="ok"> assassinate class="ok"> high-level class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> officials. class="ok"> Evidence
ultimately class="ok"> revealed class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> only class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> plot class="ok"> (a class="ok"> note class="ok"> purportedly class="ok"> found class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> floor
of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> shopkeeper) class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> fabricated. class="ok"> The class="ok"> Director class="ok"> of class="ok"> ORINFOR, class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana, class="ok"> later
admitted class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> made class="ok"> no class="ok"> effort class="ok"> to class="ok"> establish class="ok"> the class="ok"> provenance class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> letter class="ok"> when class="ok"> he class="ok"> cleared class="ok"> it class="ok"> for
broadcast. class="ok"> As class="ok"> a class="ok"> result, class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> next class="ok"> week, class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> murdered class="ok"> nearly class="ok"> 300 class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> civilians
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> region.
Records class="ok"> reflect class="ok"> that, class="ok"> soon class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> violent class="ok"> outbreak class="ok"> in class="ok"> Bugesera, class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> were class="ok"> aware
of class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda’s class="ok"> instigating class="ok"> role. class="ok"> Soon class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> began, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> cabled
Paris class="ok"> to class="ok"> describe class="ok"> the class="ok"> attacks. class="ok"> In class="ok"> his class="ok"> cables, class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> criticized class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> for class="ok"> sparking class="ok"> paranoia
through class="ok"> the class="ok"> unsubstantiated class="ok"> letter class="ok"> and class="ok"> characterized class="ok"> the class="ok"> broadcast class="ok"> as class="ok"> an class="ok"> act class="ok"> of class="ok"> misinformation class="ok"> by
official class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> potential class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwandan
media class="ok"> outlets class="ok"> to class="ok"> spark class="ok"> or class="ok"> fuel class="ok"> violence;
All class="ok"> cables class="ok"> sent class="ok"> by class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres’s class="ok"> concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> officials
committed class="ok"> an class="ok"> act class="ok"> of class="ok"> misinformation class="ok"> that class="ok"> enabled class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> in class="ok"> March
1992; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> communications class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> or class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> with
Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> broadcasts class="ok"> on class="ok"> 3-4 class="ok"> March
1992.

b. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> financial class="ok"> and class="ok"> technical class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda
Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> provided class="ok"> financial, class="ok"> technical, class="ok"> and class="ok"> political class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> ORINFOR
and class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> years class="ok"> leading class="ok"> up class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> late
March class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Director class="ok"> of class="ok"> ORINFOR class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> colleague class="ok"> Charles class="ok"> Nahayo
visited class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> to class="ok"> meet class="ok"> officials class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation. class="ok"> During class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting,
Nahimana class="ok"> reported class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> ministers class="ok"> promised class="ok"> to class="ok"> deliver class="ok"> production class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> to class="ok"> support
Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> expand class="ok"> its class="ok"> reach class="ok"> to class="ok"> television. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to
correspondence class="ok"> between class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> Habyarimana, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> also class="ok"> promised class="ok"> that class="ok"> a
delegation class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation’s class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Fund class="ok"> would class="ok"> visit class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> shortly class="ok"> to class="ok"> assess
Rwanda’s class="ok"> need class="ok"> for class="ok"> further class="ok"> aid. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> Report, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> France class="ok"> sent class="ok"> Rwanda
13

a class="ok"> large class="ok"> shipment class="ok"> of class="ok"> encryption class="ok"> equipment, class="ok"> accessories class="ok"> and class="ok"> maintenance class="ok"> tools, class="ok"> transceivers, class="ok"> and
high class="ok"> security class="ok"> digital class="ok"> telephone class="ok"> sets. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> later class="ok"> that class="ok"> month class="ok"> officials class="ok"> from class="ok"> the
Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation class="ok"> and class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Cooperation class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> visited class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> and class="ok"> promised class="ok"> additional
funds class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> broadcasting. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflect class="ok"> that, class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> France class="ok"> had class="ok"> trained
approximately class="ok"> 70 class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> journalists class="ok"> and class="ok"> technicians, class="ok"> provided class="ok"> additional class="ok"> technical class="ok"> equipment
and class="ok"> promised class="ok"> another class="ok"> 1.2 class="ok"> million class="ok"> French class="ok"> Francs class="ok"> in class="ok"> aid class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> agencies.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> or class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> and class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to
any class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> groups class="ok"> or class="ok"> individuals;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> financial class="ok"> and class="ok"> technical class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> summarizing, class="ok"> commenting, class="ok"> or class="ok"> otherwise class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> any class="ok"> visits class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paris
by class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> shipments class="ok"> of class="ok"> technical class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1
October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> a class="ok"> shipment class="ok"> of class="ok"> encryption class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> and
telephone class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> about class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> trips class="ok"> by class="ok"> officials class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation
and class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Cooperation class="ok"> mission class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> in class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1992; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> promises class="ok"> of class="ok"> additional class="ok"> funds class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwandan
broadcasting.

c. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> failure class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> to class="ok"> end class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> broadcasts
from class="ok"> RTLM
Records class="ok"> reflect class="ok"> that, class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> began, class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> continually class="ok"> broadcast class="ok"> hateful class="ok"> and class="ok"> violent
messages class="ok"> – class="ok"> conflating class="ok"> all class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> enemy, class="ok"> describing class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> as class="ok"> sub-human, class="ok"> and class="ok"> sharing class="ok"> the
names class="ok"> and class="ok"> addresses class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> whom class="ok"> it class="ok"> wished class="ok"> exterminated. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> RTLM’s
broadcasts class="ok"> played class="ok"> an class="ok"> influential class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> inciting class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> against class="ok"> Tutsis class="ok"> across class="ok"> the class="ok"> country, class="ok"> as
well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> murder class="ok"> of class="ok"> several class="ok"> moderate class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> political class="ok"> officials. class="ok"> General class="ok"> Roméo class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> has
written class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> long class="ok"> advocated class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> U.N. class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> shutdown class="ok"> of class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> because class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> being
used class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> tool class="ok"> to class="ok"> promote class="ok"> genocide.
Contemporaneous class="ok"> records class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> held class="ok"> sufficient class="ok"> influence class="ok"> to class="ok"> impact class="ok"> the
content class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government-sponsored class="ok"> radio class="ok"> broadcasting. class="ok"> For class="ok"> example, class="ok"> documents class="ok"> suggest
that class="ok"> one class="ok"> month class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> successfully class="ok"> influenced class="ok"> RTLM
content class="ok"> by class="ok"> demanding class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> improve class="ok"> its class="ok"> image class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> media. class="ok"> In class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> France
reportedly class="ok"> exercised class="ok"> its class="ok"> influence class="ok"> over class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> again, class="ok"> successfully class="ok"> demanding class="ok"> that class="ok"> the
station class="ok"> end class="ok"> its class="ok"> calls class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> death class="ok"> of class="ok"> Roméo class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> Assistance
Mission class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (UNAMIR). class="ok"> Yet, class="ok"> after class="ok"> RTLM’s class="ok"> violent class="ok"> messaging class="ok"> sparked class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> April
1994, class="ok"> it class="ok"> appears class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> did class="ok"> little class="ok"> to class="ok"> try class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop class="ok"> or class="ok"> temper class="ok"> the class="ok"> station’s class="ok"> broadcasts class="ok"> – class="ok"> even class="ok"> though
evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> quickly class="ok"> recognized class="ok"> their class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> nature.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:

14

•

•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> influence class="ok"> the class="ok"> content class="ok"> of class="ok"> Radio class="ok"> Rwanda,
RTLM class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> outlets, class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> – class="ok"> 18 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994,
including class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> between class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Huchon class="ok"> and class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Ephrem
Rwabalinda class="ok"> on class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> officials
regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> need class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop class="ok"> using class="ok"> media class="ok"> for class="ok"> hateful class="ok"> anti-Tutsi class="ok"> commentary;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> appropriateness class="ok"> of class="ok"> RTLM’s
messaging, class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> such class="ok"> messaging class="ok"> stroking class="ok"> violence, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> appropriateness
of class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> about class="ok"> whether class="ok"> France class="ok"> possessed class="ok"> sufficient
influence class="ok"> to class="ok"> sway class="ok"> the class="ok"> content class="ok"> of class="ok"> any class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> media class="ok"> outlets.

17. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> increase class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> from class="ok"> France class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> following
the class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1992
Documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> violence
in class="ok"> Bugesera class="ok"> took class="ok"> the class="ok"> lives class="ok"> of class="ok"> hundreds class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi, class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> urged class="ok"> French class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign
Affairs class="ok"> Roland class="ok"> Dumas class="ok"> to class="ok"> increase class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> form class="ok"> of, class="ok"> among
other class="ok"> things, class="ok"> military class="ok"> combat class="ok"> equipment. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> also class="ok"> reflect class="ok"> that, class="ok"> less class="ok"> than class="ok"> two class="ok"> months class="ok"> after
this class="ok"> request, class="ok"> French class="ok"> electronics class="ok"> and class="ok"> defense class="ok"> contractor class="ok"> Thomson-CSF class="ok"> delivered class="ok"> military class="ok"> combatfacilitation class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime’s class="ok"> requests class="ok"> for class="ok"> French class="ok"> military
equipment, class="ok"> lethal class="ok"> and class="ok"> non-lethal, class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> deliberations class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapons
to class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> requests class="ok"> from class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> and class="ok"> others class="ok"> for class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> military class="ok"> equipment
transfers class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994.

18. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> involvement class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF
offensive class="ok"> in class="ok"> Byumba class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1992
On class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> launched class="ok"> an class="ok"> offensive class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Byumba class="ok"> province class="ok"> of class="ok"> northern class="ok"> Rwanda.
Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> as class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> forces class="ok"> seized class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> positions class="ok"> in class="ok"> northern class="ok"> Byumba, class="ok"> President
Habyarimana class="ok"> asked class="ok"> France class="ok"> to class="ok"> send class="ok"> more class="ok"> troops. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP, class="ok"> France class="ok"> sent class="ok"> one class="ok"> new
company class="ok"> of class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> troops class="ok"> arriving class="ok"> on class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 30 class="ok"> new class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> troops. class="ok"> On class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1992,
Noroît class="ok"> and class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> forces class="ok"> were class="ok"> integrated class="ok"> into class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> unit class="ok"> and class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> month class="ok"> came class="ok"> under
the class="ok"> command class="ok"> of class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier. class="ok"> Rosier class="ok"> would class="ok"> later class="ok"> command class="ok"> special class="ok"> forces class="ok"> during
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994.
News class="ok"> reports class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> time class="ok"> period class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> fighting class="ok"> in class="ok"> Byumba, class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> came class="ok"> under
the class="ok"> fire class="ok"> of class="ok"> 105mm class="ok"> artillery class="ok"> pieces. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> further class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Rosier class="ok"> personally
15

supervised class="ok"> and class="ok"> conducted class="ok"> operations class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> 105mm class="ok"> artillery class="ok"> battery class="ok"> that class="ok"> stopped class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF
advance class="ok"> on class="ok"> Byumba, class="ok"> Ruhengeri, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Mutara. class="ok"> Witnesses class="ok"> have class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> operated class="ok"> the
105mm class="ok"> artillery class="ok"> launchers.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> participation class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> battlefield class="ok"> in class="ok"> Byumba class="ok"> between class="ok"> 4
June class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> French class="ok"> training class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> use class="ok"> of class="ok"> artillery class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990
and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> James class="ok"> Gasana
and class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1993; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> integration class="ok"> and class="ok"> subsequent class="ok"> engagement class="ok"> of class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> forces class="ok"> and
DAMI class="ok"> between class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992.

16

19. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> consideration class="ok"> of class="ok"> withdrawal class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> technical
assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> beginning class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1992
Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> testified class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> rumors class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard’s class="ok"> actions
were class="ok"> so class="ok"> grave class="ok"> that class="ok"> an class="ok"> association class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> with class="ok"> them class="ok"> would class="ok"> damage class="ok"> the class="ok"> reputation class="ok"> of
not class="ok"> only class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> officer class="ok"> that class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> charged class="ok"> with class="ok"> their class="ok"> technical class="ok"> training, class="ok"> but class="ok"> also class="ok"> France class="ok"> as
a class="ok"> whole. class="ok"> Such class="ok"> criticism class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> led class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Cussac class="ok"> to class="ok"> tell class="ok"> President
Habyarimana class="ok"> on class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> withdrawing class="ok"> its class="ok"> technical class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the
unit.
Nevertheless, class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> indicates class="ok"> that class="ok"> “[f]rom class="ok"> November class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> to class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> indeed class="ok"> benefited class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> DAMI, class="ok"> consisting
of class="ok"> a class="ok"> team class="ok"> of class="ok"> two class="ok"> to class="ok"> three class="ok"> officers class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> Lieutenant class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Denis class="ok"> Roux.” class="ok"> – class="ok"> well class="ok"> past class="ok"> the class="ok"> date class="ok"> of
Cussac’s class="ok"> missive. class="ok"> Moreover, class="ok"> documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> instructors class="ok"> provided
training class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1993.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> from class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> sent class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> possible class="ok"> withdrawal class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> technical
assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> reports, class="ok"> letters, class="ok"> photos class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> documents class="ok"> about class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> officer
training class="ok"> or class="ok"> providing class="ok"> technical class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> between
30 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> reports, class="ok"> letters, class="ok"> photos class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> received class="ok"> by class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean
Varret class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 30 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
Presidential class="ok"> Guard; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> reports class="ok"> letters, class="ok"> photos class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> received class="ok"> by class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Bernard
Cussac class="ok"> between class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Presidential
Guard.

20. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> engagement class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> offensive class="ok"> on
Ruhengeri class="ok"> on class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993
In class="ok"> response class="ok"> to class="ok"> continued class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> by class="ok"> government class="ok"> forces, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF
initiated class="ok"> an class="ok"> offensive class="ok"> into class="ok"> Ruhengeri. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> advanced class="ok"> on
Ruhengeri class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> early class="ok"> morning class="ok"> of class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> immediately class="ok"> began class="ok"> relocating
soldiers class="ok"> to class="ok"> Ruhengeri class="ok"> and class="ok"> deploying class="ok"> additional class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> what class="ok"> would class="ok"> become class="ok"> known class="ok"> as class="ok"> Opération
Volcan. class="ok"> The class="ok"> operation class="ok"> was class="ok"> supposed class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> a class="ok"> non-combat class="ok"> evacuation class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> nationals class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
southern class="ok"> Ruhengeri, class="ok"> where class="ok"> the class="ok"> evacuees class="ok"> would class="ok"> meet class="ok"> a class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> detachment class="ok"> that class="ok"> would class="ok"> take class="ok"> them class="ok"> to
Kigali. class="ok"> On class="ok"> the class="ok"> second class="ok"> day class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Volcan, class="ok"> France class="ok"> dispatched class="ok"> an class="ok"> additional class="ok"> company class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kigali
of class="ok"> 150 class="ok"> troops, class="ok"> vastly class="ok"> increasing class="ok"> the class="ok"> total class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> country.
17

Despite class="ok"> the class="ok"> very class="ok"> limited class="ok"> nature class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> mission, class="ok"> Western class="ok"> media class="ok"> outlets class="ok"> began class="ok"> to class="ok"> report class="ok"> that class="ok"> French
troops class="ok"> had class="ok"> shelled class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> at class="ok"> Ruhengeri. class="ok"> Then, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> AFP class="ok"> and class="ok"> Reuters class="ok"> jointly
published class="ok"> an class="ok"> article class="ok"> highlighting class="ok"> the class="ok"> claim class="ok"> coming class="ok"> out class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Organization class="ok"> of class="ok"> African class="ok"> Unity
(OAU), class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> second class="ok"> source class="ok"> close class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> confirmed class="ok"> that class="ok"> “French class="ok"> troops
bombarded class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> rebel class="ok"> positions class="ok"> with class="ok"> sophisticated class="ok"> weaponry.” class="ok"> Witness class="ok"> statements class="ok"> also
support class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> participated class="ok"> in class="ok"> combat class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> alongside class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> or class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> force class="ok"> involvement class="ok"> any class="ok"> combat class="ok"> activity class="ok"> in class="ok"> February
1993;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> engagement class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda
between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
OAU class="ok"> between class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993.

21. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération
Chimére class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> reorganization class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> Dar class="ok"> es class="ok"> Salaam
ceasefire class="ok"> agreement
Between class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 28 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> several class="ok"> months class="ok"> after class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> were class="ok"> made
aware class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FIDH class="ok"> Report, class="ok"> France class="ok"> deployed class="ok"> a class="ok"> detachment class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> under class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Chimére.
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP, class="ok"> “the class="ok"> [Chimére] class="ok"> detachment’s class="ok"> objective class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> indirectly class="ok"> supervise class="ok"> an class="ok"> army
of class="ok"> about class="ok"> 20,000 class="ok"> men class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> indirectly class="ok"> control class="ok"> it.”
Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> midst class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Chimére, class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> official class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali
proposed class="ok"> the class="ok"> continuation class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> role class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> Dar-Es-Salaam class="ok"> ceasefire. class="ok"> Proposals
included class="ok"> continued class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> Etat-Major, class="ok"> strategizing class="ok"> and class="ok"> conduction
operations, class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> management, class="ok"> and class="ok"> logistical class="ok"> support. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP, class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> EtatMajor class="ok"> accepted class="ok"> these class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> reorganization class="ok"> proposals.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
Etat-Major class="ok"> between class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> thereafter;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> operational class="ok"> orders class="ok"> between class="ok"> 8
February class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rules class="ok"> of class="ok"> Engagement;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> involvement class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR’s class="ok"> reorganization class="ok"> between
8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1993;
All class="ok"> proposals class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> reorganization class="ok"> and class="ok"> administration class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> by class="ok"> French
officials class="ok"> between class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1993;

18

22. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperants class="ok"> remaining class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> signing
of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> Accords class="ok"> on class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993
Under class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> Accords, class="ok"> France class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> withdraw class="ok"> its class="ok"> last class="ok"> two class="ok"> companies class="ok"> within class="ok"> 37 class="ok"> days class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
agreement class="ok"> going class="ok"> into class="ok"> effect. class="ok"> Despite class="ok"> this class="ok"> requirement, class="ok"> documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> at class="ok"> least class="ok"> several
French class="ok"> “military class="ok"> cooperants” class="ok"> remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> departure class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> forces class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
arrival class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR. class="ok"> They class="ok"> remained class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> ground class="ok"> until class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> – class="ok"> the
French class="ok"> military class="ok"> operation class="ok"> initiated class="ok"> to class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> French class="ok"> nationals class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> start class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide.
During class="ok"> his class="ok"> interview class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP, class="ok"> Michel class="ok"> Roussin, class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation, class="ok"> explained
that class="ok"> these class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperants class="ok"> that class="ok"> had class="ok"> remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> only class="ok"> conducted class="ok"> training class="ok"> operations,
mainly class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Army’s class="ok"> general class="ok"> staff. class="ok"> But class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> later class="ok"> publication, class="ok"> Admiral class="ok"> Jacques
Lanxade class="ok"> claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> these class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperants class="ok"> enabled class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> continue class="ok"> intelligence
gathering class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> months class="ok"> leading class="ok"> up class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> continued class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> after class="ok"> 4
August class="ok"> 1993;
All class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> and class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> military
troops class="ok"> remaining class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> 37 class="ok"> days class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> Accords; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> officers class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> superiors class="ok"> in class="ok"> France
between class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1994.

23. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> whether class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> were class="ok"> subject class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> N’Selé
Agreement’s class="ok"> requirements class="ok"> that class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> troops class="ok"> depart
a. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> applicability class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> first class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> agreement, class="ok"> signed class="ok"> 29
March class="ok"> 1991
On class="ok"> 29 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> formalized class="ok"> a class="ok"> ceasefire class="ok"> agreement class="ok"> at
N’Sele, class="ok"> Zaire. class="ok"> The class="ok"> agreement class="ok"> called class="ok"> for class="ok"> an class="ok"> end class="ok"> to class="ok"> hostilities, class="ok"> the class="ok"> deployment class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> neutral class="ok"> OAUled class="ok"> military class="ok"> observer class="ok"> group class="ok"> along class="ok"> the class="ok"> Uganda-Rwanda class="ok"> border, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> withdrawal class="ok"> of class="ok"> all class="ok"> foreign
troops class="ok"> from class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> upon class="ok"> its class="ok"> arrival. class="ok"> The class="ok"> third class="ok"> provision class="ok"> was class="ok"> quickly class="ok"> challenged class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French.
Justifying class="ok"> the class="ok"> continued class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Martres class="ok"> claimed
N’Sele class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> apply class="ok"> because class="ok"> France class="ok"> was class="ok"> not class="ok"> a class="ok"> signatory class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> agreement. class="ok"> In class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1991,
Mitterrand class="ok"> ordered class="ok"> General class="ok"> Quesnot class="ok"> to class="ok"> keep class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> dismissing class="ok"> reservations class="ok"> expressed
by class="ok"> the class="ok"> general class="ok"> about class="ok"> a class="ok"> lack class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> necessity. class="ok"> Ultimately, class="ok"> French class="ok"> combat class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali
through class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> and class="ok"> French class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> advisers class="ok"> in class="ok"> Ruhengeri class="ok"> remained class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> signing class="ok"> of
N’Sele class="ok"> – class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> deployment class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> OAU class="ok"> military class="ok"> observer class="ok"> group.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials, class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the
applicability class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> Ceasefire class="ok"> Agreement class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> and
DAMI class="ok"> companies class="ok"> stationed class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.
19

b. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> applicability class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> second class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> agreement, class="ok"> as
amended class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gbadolite class="ok"> on class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1991 class="ok"> and class="ok"> at class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> on class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992
On class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> delegations class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> signed class="ok"> an class="ok"> updated class="ok"> version class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> previous
N’Sele class="ok"> Agreement class="ok"> in class="ok"> Arusha, class="ok"> Tanzania. class="ok"> The class="ok"> amended class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> Accord class="ok"> provided class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> renewed
ceasefire, class="ok"> along class="ok"> with class="ok"> provisions class="ok"> demanding class="ok"> the class="ok"> “suspension class="ok"> of class="ok"> supplies class="ok"> of class="ok"> ammunition class="ok"> and
weaponry class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> field” class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> withdrawal class="ok"> of class="ok"> all class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> troops class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> deployment class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> neutral
observer class="ok"> group class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> July. class="ok"> The class="ok"> latter class="ok"> stipulation class="ok"> provided class="ok"> an class="ok"> exception class="ok"> for class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces
whose class="ok"> presence class="ok"> was class="ok"> permitted class="ok"> under class="ok"> bilateral class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> agreements.
The class="ok"> question class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapon class="ok"> deliveries class="ok"> posed class="ok"> a class="ok"> complication. class="ok"> Unsure class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> permissibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapons
shipments class="ok"> under class="ok"> N’Sele, class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> sought class="ok"> clarification class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of
Foreign class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> on class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1992. class="ok"> Francois class="ok"> Nicoullaud, class="ok"> Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> Staff class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Defense,
requested class="ok"> advice class="ok"> on class="ok"> whether class="ok"> to class="ok"> proceed class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> previously class="ok"> planned class="ok"> transfer class="ok"> of class="ok"> machine class="ok"> guns class="ok"> and
ammunition class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR. class="ok"> Nicoullaud class="ok"> also class="ok"> suggested class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> order class="ok"> to class="ok"> comply class="ok"> with class="ok"> N’Sele, class="ok"> France’s
DAMI class="ok"> forces class="ok"> would class="ok"> need class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> re-classified class="ok"> as class="ok"> “cooperants” class="ok"> under class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> assistance
agreement. class="ok"> On class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> August, class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> responded class="ok"> to class="ok"> Nicoullaud class="ok"> by class="ok"> authorizing
the class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> shipments. class="ok"> While class="ok"> France class="ok"> has class="ok"> yet class="ok"> to class="ok"> release class="ok"> this class="ok"> letter, class="ok"> Nicoullaud class="ok"> relayed class="ok"> its
conclusions class="ok"> to class="ok"> Admiral class="ok"> Lanxade class="ok"> on class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> August, class="ok"> allowing class="ok"> the class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> shipment class="ok"> to class="ok"> go class="ok"> through
unencumbered.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> those class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials,
regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> applicability class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> Ceasefire class="ok"> Agreement class="ok"> to class="ok"> French
Noroît class="ok"> and class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> companies class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> shipments class="ok"> to
the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> letter class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> Francois class="ok"> Nicoullaud class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Foreign
Ministry class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> about class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> that class="ok"> relate class="ok"> to class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> shipments class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
Habyarimana class="ok"> regime.

c. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> MTAA class="ok"> amendment class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
reclassification class="ok"> as class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> as class="ok"> cooperants
France class="ok"> signed class="ok"> a class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Technical class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Agreement class="ok"> (“MTAA”) class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1975 class="ok"> and class="ok"> amended class="ok"> it class="ok"> in
1983. class="ok"> On class="ok"> 26 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> adopted class="ok"> a class="ok"> second class="ok"> amendment class="ok"> to class="ok"> their class="ok"> MTAA,
abrogating class="ok"> the class="ok"> limitation class="ok"> on class="ok"> military class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Gendarmerie class="ok"> alone class="ok"> and class="ok"> extending
French class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> to class="ok"> all class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> armed class="ok"> forces. class="ok"> This class="ok"> amendment class="ok"> came class="ok"> only class="ok"> weeks class="ok"> after
the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> had class="ok"> signed class="ok"> the class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> ceasefire class="ok"> agreement class="ok"> (discussed
above), class="ok"> a class="ok"> condition class="ok"> of class="ok"> which class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> removal class="ok"> of class="ok"> all class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> troops class="ok"> which class="ok"> were class="ok"> not class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> country
pursuant class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> bilateral class="ok"> cooperation. class="ok"> Before class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> signed class="ok"> the class="ok"> amendment, class="ok"> the class="ok"> only
French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> that class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> covered class="ok"> under class="ok"> exemption class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> officers class="ok"> training
20

the class="ok"> Gendarmerie. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> all class="ok"> other class="ok"> troops, class="ok"> including class="ok"> French class="ok"> officers class="ok"> training class="ok"> FAR
and class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> personnel, class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> among class="ok"> those class="ok"> whose class="ok"> departure class="ok"> was class="ok"> expected class="ok"> under class="ok"> the
ceasefire class="ok"> agreements.
While class="ok"> the class="ok"> N’Sele class="ok"> amendment class="ok"> did class="ok"> permit class="ok"> French class="ok"> officers class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> pursuant class="ok"> to class="ok"> bilateral
agreements class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> two class="ok"> countries class="ok"> to class="ok"> remain class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (like class="ok"> the class="ok"> DAMI) class="ok"> it class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> permit class="ok"> the
presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> troops class="ok"> that class="ok"> had class="ok"> remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> since class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990.
Documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that class="ok"> some class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> were
aware class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> tension class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> then class="ok"> present class="ok"> state class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
MTAA.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

All class="ok"> communications class="ok"> and class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> ceasefire class="ok"> agreement
describing class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> and class="ok"> role class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> agreement class="ok"> going class="ok"> into
effect; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> describing class="ok"> the class="ok"> role class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> and class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> in class="ok"> light class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
N’Sele class="ok"> Agreement.

24. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> Jan class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> transmission class="ok"> from class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> to
Kofi class="ok"> Annan class="ok"> claiming class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> was class="ok"> planning class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> Genocide.
Documents class="ok"> show class="ok"> that class="ok"> on class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> sent class="ok"> a class="ok"> cable class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Maurice class="ok"> Baril,
at class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Department class="ok"> of class="ok"> Peacekeeping class="ok"> Operations class="ok"> (“UN class="ok"> DPKO”) class="ok"> in class="ok"> New class="ok"> York. class="ok"> The class="ok"> cable class="ok"> stated
that class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> put class="ok"> in class="ok"> contact class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> top-level class="ok"> informant class="ok"> well class="ok"> placed class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
Interahamwe class="ok"> militia class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> MRND. class="ok"> The class="ok"> informant class="ok"> (who class="ok"> came class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> known class="ok"> as class="ok"> “Jean class="ok"> Pierre”)
provided class="ok"> a class="ok"> considerable class="ok"> amount class="ok"> of class="ok"> information, class="ok"> much class="ok"> of class="ok"> which class="ok"> would class="ok"> prove class="ok"> prescient class="ok"> as class="ok"> the
Genocide class="ok"> approached. class="ok"> He class="ok"> stated, class="ok"> for class="ok"> example, class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> told class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> small class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> Belgian
troops class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> killed class="ok"> in class="ok"> order class="ok"> to class="ok"> force class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> to class="ok"> withdraw class="ok"> its class="ok"> troops class="ok"> from class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> He class="ok"> also
claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> mandate class="ok"> had class="ok"> gone class="ok"> into class="ok"> effect, class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> told class="ok"> to class="ok"> register class="ok"> all class="ok"> Tutsi
in class="ok"> Kigali, class="ok"> and class="ok"> he class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> registration class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> used class="ok"> to class="ok"> exterminate class="ok"> them. class="ok"> Finally, class="ok"> the
informant class="ok"> shared class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> prepared class="ok"> to class="ok"> share class="ok"> the class="ok"> location class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> cache class="ok"> with class="ok"> over class="ok"> 100
weapons. class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> recommended class="ok"> protection class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> informant class="ok"> and class="ok"> immediate class="ok"> action class="ok"> on class="ok"> the
weapons class="ok"> cache. class="ok"> He class="ok"> was class="ok"> rebuffed class="ok"> by class="ok"> DPKO class="ok"> and class="ok"> told class="ok"> to class="ok"> take class="ok"> no class="ok"> action.

21

The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> between class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> General
Dallaire’s class="ok"> cable class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> DPKO;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> weapons
caches class="ok"> in class="ok"> or class="ok"> around class="ok"> Kigali; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> registration
of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> or class="ok"> anywhere class="ok"> else class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.

25. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> about class="ok"> French class="ok"> complicity class="ok"> in
Rwandan class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> violations class="ok"> in class="ok"> early class="ok"> 1994
On class="ok"> 25 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> Watch class="ok"> (“HRW”) class="ok"> published class="ok"> an class="ok"> open class="ok"> letter class="ok"> to class="ok"> President
Mitterrand, class="ok"> condemning class="ok"> his class="ok"> administration class="ok"> for class="ok"> providing class="ok"> military class="ok"> combat class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> an class="ok"> army
that class="ok"> had class="ok"> committed class="ok"> widespread class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> without class="ok"> applying class="ok"> sufficient class="ok"> pressure class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop
them. class="ok"> The class="ok"> letter class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> that class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> financial class="ok"> backing class="ok"> of class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> – class="ok"> despite class="ok"> widespread
atrocities class="ok"> committed class="ok"> by class="ok"> his class="ok"> supporters class="ok"> – class="ok"> was class="ok"> virtually class="ok"> equivalent class="ok"> to class="ok"> an class="ok"> anti-RPF class="ok"> war class="ok"> effort. class="ok"> Other
reporting class="ok"> has class="ok"> suggested class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation class="ok"> were class="ok"> preparing class="ok"> a
response class="ok"> to class="ok"> HRW’s class="ok"> allegations.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> communications class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> letter
released class="ok"> by class="ok"> HRW class="ok"> on class="ok"> 25 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> perspectives class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> letter class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> was
complicit class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> atrocities class="ok"> or class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime
was class="ok"> equivalent class="ok"> to class="ok"> engaging class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> war class="ok"> effort;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> and class="ok"> among class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> about class="ok"> the
appropriateness class="ok"> of class="ok"> continued class="ok"> financial, class="ok"> technical, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> military class="ok"> aid class="ok"> for class="ok"> the
Habyarimana class="ok"> regime class="ok"> from class="ok"> 25 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> responses, class="ok"> including class="ok"> drafts, class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> 25 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> HRW class="ok"> letter class="ok"> prepared class="ok"> by class="ok"> the
French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Cooperation.

26. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> remove class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> from class="ok"> his class="ok"> Command class="ok"> post class="ok"> at
UNAMIR class="ok"> in class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1994.
On class="ok"> 30 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> a class="ok"> week class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> began, class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> Commander,
General class="ok"> Roméo class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> discovered class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Government class="ok"> had class="ok"> tried class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> him class="ok"> relieved
him class="ok"> from class="ok"> his class="ok"> command. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> while class="ok"> on class="ok"> a class="ok"> trip class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> in class="ok"> New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> he
learned class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> had class="ok"> written class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Canadian class="ok"> government class="ok"> to class="ok"> request class="ok"> his class="ok"> removal
from class="ok"> the class="ok"> position class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> force class="ok"> commander. class="ok"> He class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> that class="ok"> this class="ok"> action class="ok"> was class="ok"> taken class="ok"> because
French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> upset class="ok"> by class="ok"> references class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> had class="ok"> made class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> French
officers class="ok"> among class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard, class="ok"> especially class="ok"> considering class="ok"> the class="ok"> Guard’s class="ok"> known class="ok"> proximity class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
22

Interahamwe. class="ok"> He class="ok"> believed class="ok"> his class="ok"> “bluntness class="ok"> had class="ok"> had class="ok"> rattled class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> enough class="ok"> for class="ok"> them class="ok"> to class="ok"> take class="ok"> the
bold class="ok"> and class="ok"> extremely class="ok"> unusual class="ok"> step class="ok"> of class="ok"> asking class="ok"> for class="ok"> [his] class="ok"> dismissal.”
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Canadian class="ok"> officials
between class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
UN class="ok"> DPKO class="ok"> between class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> March class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> between class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994.

27. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> reaction class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> killing class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> political class="ok"> leaders class="ok"> and
opposition class="ok"> party class="ok"> members class="ok"> in class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994
Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> morning class="ok"> of class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> carried
out class="ok"> a class="ok"> string class="ok"> of class="ok"> targeted class="ok"> political class="ok"> assassinations class="ok"> of class="ok"> senior class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Broad-Based class="ok"> Transitional
Government class="ok"> and class="ok"> MRND class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> parties. class="ok"> That class="ok"> morning, class="ok"> units class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard,
Reconnaissance class="ok"> Battalion, class="ok"> Huye class="ok"> Battalion, class="ok"> and class="ok"> École class="ok"> Supérieure class="ok"> Militaire class="ok"> (ESM) class="ok"> officer class="ok"> school
surrounded class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> residence class="ok"> of class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Uwilingiyimana, class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Prime class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> and class="ok"> member
of class="ok"> the class="ok"> moderate class="ok"> wing class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> MDR class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> party. class="ok"> After class="ok"> a class="ok"> prolonged class="ok"> standoff, class="ok"> the class="ok"> units
apprehended class="ok"> and class="ok"> murdered class="ok"> the class="ok"> prime class="ok"> minister, class="ok"> along class="ok"> with class="ok"> her class="ok"> small class="ok"> security class="ok"> detail class="ok"> of class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> UN
peacekeepers. class="ok"> Simultaneously, class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> and class="ok"> Para class="ok"> Commando class="ok"> battalion
tracked class="ok"> down class="ok"> and class="ok"> assassinated class="ok"> four class="ok"> key class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> leaders class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kimihurura class="ok"> neighborhood class="ok"> of
Kigali: class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Kavaruganda class="ok"> (President class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Constitutional class="ok"> Court), class="ok"> Faustin class="ok"> Rucogoza class="ok"> (MDR
official class="ok"> and class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Information), class="ok"> Landoald class="ok"> Ndasingwa class="ok"> (vice-chairman class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> PL class="ok"> and class="ok"> Minister
of class="ok"> Labor class="ok"> and class="ok"> Community class="ok"> Affairs), class="ok"> and class="ok"> Frédéric class="ok"> Nzamurambaho class="ok"> (Chairman class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> PSD class="ok"> party class="ok"> and
Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Agriculture).
The class="ok"> killings class="ok"> effectively class="ok"> crippled class="ok"> the class="ok"> Broad-Based class="ok"> Transitional class="ok"> Government class="ok"> outlined class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha
Accords, class="ok"> expanding class="ok"> a class="ok"> power class="ok"> vacuum class="ok"> caused class="ok"> by class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> death class="ok"> while class="ok"> creating class="ok"> an
opening class="ok"> for class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Bagosora class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> cabal class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocidaires class="ok"> to class="ok"> seize class="ok"> power. class="ok"> The class="ok"> result class="ok"> – class="ok"> the class="ok"> foundation
of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> Government class="ok"> (IRG) class="ok"> – class="ok"> sent class="ok"> ripple class="ok"> effects class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and
the class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> community, class="ok"> prompting class="ok"> questions class="ok"> as class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> legitimacy class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> new class="ok"> government class="ok"> and
the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> coup class="ok"> had class="ok"> occurred.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> reaction class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> killing class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> politicians class="ok"> and
party class="ok"> leaders class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> by class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> or class="ok"> armed class="ok"> militia class="ok"> groups
from class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> – class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> Joseph class="ok"> Kavaruganda, class="ok"> Faustin class="ok"> Rucogoza,
Landoald class="ok"> Ndasingwa, class="ok"> Frédéric class="ok"> Nzamurambaho, class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Uwilingiyimana, class="ok"> and
Uwilingiyimana’s class="ok"> U.N. class="ok"> peacekeeper class="ok"> security class="ok"> detail; class="ok"> and

23

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> creation class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> in class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> the class="ok"> political
assassinations class="ok"> taking class="ok"> place class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> coup class="ok"> had class="ok"> taken class="ok"> place.

28. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> certain class="ok"> figures class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
Rwandan class="ok"> Government class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis.
On class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> initiated class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis, class="ok"> during class="ok"> which class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials
evacuated class="ok"> French class="ok"> citizens class="ok"> and class="ok"> 394 class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> country. class="ok"> The class="ok"> evacuated class="ok"> Rwandans
included class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> widow class="ok"> (Agathe class="ok"> Kanziga, class="ok"> a class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> extremist class="ok"> group, class="ok"> the
Akazu) class="ok"> and class="ok"> her class="ok"> family, class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> co-founder class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> family, class="ok"> 40 class="ok"> MRND
members, class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> extremists. class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> initiated class="ok"> and class="ok"> completed class="ok"> this class="ok"> operation, class="ok"> even class="ok"> as
they class="ok"> stated class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> official class="ok"> order class="ok"> for class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis, class="ok"> issued class="ok"> on class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> that class="ok"> the
Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> had class="ok"> begun class="ok"> to class="ok"> eliminate class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> evacuation class="ok"> of class="ok"> non-French class="ok"> nationals, class="ok"> including class="ok"> Agathe
Kazinga, class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana, class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> staff, class="ok"> government
officials, class="ok"> party class="ok"> leaders, class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> family class="ok"> members, class="ok"> in class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and
(1) class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Kazinga, class="ok"> (2) class="ok"> her class="ok"> staff, class="ok"> or class="ok"> (3) class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> MRND class="ok"> in class="ok"> April
1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> time class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> present, class="ok"> showing class="ok"> support,
including class="ok"> financial class="ok"> and class="ok"> housing class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> and class="ok"> security, class="ok"> for class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Habyarimana, class="ok"> any
members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> family, class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> persons class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> participated class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> Against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi.

29. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> providing class="ok"> refuge class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> to
selected class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> early class="ok"> days class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide.
In class="ok"> the class="ok"> immediate class="ok"> aftermath class="ok"> of class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> death class="ok"> on class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> and class="ok"> other
extremist class="ok"> radio class="ok"> stations class="ok"> began class="ok"> to class="ok"> broadcast class="ok"> in class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kinyarwanda, class="ok"> blaming class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> for
causing class="ok"> the class="ok"> plane class="ok"> crash class="ok"> and class="ok"> calling class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> people class="ok"> to class="ok"> rise class="ok"> up class="ok"> and class="ok"> kill class="ok"> “the class="ok"> enemy” class="ok"> (i.e.,
the class="ok"> Tutsi) class="ok"> in class="ok"> retaliation. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> indicate class="ok"> that, class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> began, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> allowed
various class="ok"> prominent class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> nationals, class="ok"> including class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana, class="ok"> co-founder class="ok"> of class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> and
primary class="ok"> architect class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> violent class="ok"> messaging, class="ok"> to class="ok"> seek class="ok"> refuge class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> allow class="ok"> Ferdinand class="ok"> Nahimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> other
Rwandans class="ok"> to class="ok"> seek class="ok"> refuge class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> in class="ok"> early class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> deny class="ok"> refuge class="ok"> to class="ok"> other class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> nationals,
including class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> staff class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> family class="ok"> members;
24

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> between class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> and class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> inventories class="ok"> or class="ok"> lists class="ok"> of class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> or class="ok"> housed class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> between
6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> and class="ok"> 13 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> any class="ok"> documents class="ok"> which class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> lost class="ok"> or
destroyed.

30. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> use class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> vehicles class="ok"> to class="ok"> transport class="ok"> and class="ok"> evacuate
Hutu class="ok"> extremists
General class="ok"> Roméo class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1993-1994, class="ok"> has class="ok"> recounted class="ok"> that class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> about
10 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> official class="ok"> Seth class="ok"> Sendashonga class="ok"> claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> used class="ok"> UNAMIR
vehicles class="ok"> to class="ok"> transport class="ok"> known class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> airport. class="ok"> Sendashonga class="ok"> also class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> that
the class="ok"> French class="ok"> had class="ok"> fired class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> from class="ok"> inside class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> vehicles class="ok"> on class="ok"> several class="ok"> occasions class="ok"> - class="ok"> prompting
Dallaire’s class="ok"> concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> actions, class="ok"> if class="ok"> they class="ok"> had class="ok"> occurred, class="ok"> compromised class="ok"> the class="ok"> neutrality class="ok"> of
UNAMIR class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> safety class="ok"> of class="ok"> UN class="ok"> forces. class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> told class="ok"> Sendashonga class="ok"> that class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Luc
Marchal class="ok"> was class="ok"> “arguing class="ok"> this class="ok"> point class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> commander.”
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of, class="ok"> direction class="ok"> of, class="ok"> or class="ok"> assistance
with class="ok"> the class="ok"> evacuation class="ok"> of class="ok"> persons class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> use class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> vehicles class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> equipment
by class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> or class="ok"> officials;
A class="ok"> list class="ok"> of class="ok"> all class="ok"> persons class="ok"> evacuated class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> request class="ok"> or class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials;
and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> conversations class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> and class="ok"> Colonel
Luc class="ok"> Marchal, class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> Sector class="ok"> Commander class="ok"> for class="ok"> Kigali.

31. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> recognize class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interim
Rwanda class="ok"> Government class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> days class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> plane class="ok"> crash class="ok"> of class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994.
Following class="ok"> the class="ok"> downing class="ok"> of class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> plane, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> recognized class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interim
Rwanda class="ok"> Government class="ok"> (IRG) class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> received class="ok"> its class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris. class="ok"> This
acknowledgement class="ok"> and class="ok"> acceptance class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> officials class="ok"> was class="ok"> particularly class="ok"> noteworthy class="ok"> because
at class="ok"> the class="ok"> time, class="ok"> only class="ok"> Egypt class="ok"> had class="ok"> agreed class="ok"> to class="ok"> do class="ok"> the class="ok"> same, class="ok"> while class="ok"> other class="ok"> states, class="ok"> such class="ok"> as class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
United class="ok"> States, class="ok"> had class="ok"> refused. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> on class="ok"> their class="ok"> way class="ok"> to class="ok"> New class="ok"> York
for class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN, class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> interim class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> minister class="ok"> Jerome class="ok"> Bicamumpaka class="ok"> and class="ok"> CDR class="ok"> leader class="ok"> JeanBosco class="ok"> Barayagwiza class="ok"> met class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> including class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> Delaye. class="ok"> When
asked class="ok"> on class="ok"> various class="ok"> occasions class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> receive class="ok"> Bicamumpaka class="ok"> and class="ok"> Barayagwiza, class="ok"> Delaye
offered class="ok"> several class="ok"> explanations. class="ok"> When class="ok"> questioned class="ok"> by class="ok"> Daniel class="ok"> Jacoby class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FIDH, class="ok"> Delaye class="ok"> responded
that class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> better class="ok"> to class="ok"> talk class="ok"> to class="ok"> them class="ok"> than class="ok"> not. class="ok"> When class="ok"> challenged class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> point class="ok"> by class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> Patrick
Saint-Exupery, class="ok"> Delaye class="ok"> said class="ok"> “you class="ok"> cannot class="ok"> deal class="ok"> with class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> without class="ok"> getting class="ok"> your class="ok"> hands class="ok"> dirty.”

25

The class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> subsequently class="ok"> found class="ok"> Jean-Bosco class="ok"> Barayagwiza class="ok"> guilty class="ok"> of class="ok"> direct class="ok"> and class="ok"> public class="ok"> incitement class="ok"> to
commit class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity class="ok"> (extermination class="ok"> and class="ok"> persecution).
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> between class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> Delaye, class="ok"> Jean-Bosco
Barayagwiza, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Jerome class="ok"> Bicamumpaka class="ok"> including class="ok"> any class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> in
preparation class="ok"> for class="ok"> or class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> requests class="ok"> from class="ok"> Jean-Bosco class="ok"> Barayagwiza class="ok"> or class="ok"> Jerome
Bicamumpaka class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Government class="ok"> regarding
assistance class="ok"> from class="ok"> France class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> effort class="ok"> to class="ok"> establish class="ok"> or class="ok"> assist class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG.

32. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> characterize class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> Against
the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> double class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> in class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994.
For class="ok"> the class="ok"> duration class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> persisted class="ok"> in class="ok"> representing class="ok"> the
government-sponsored class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> two-sided class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> crisis class="ok"> brought class="ok"> on class="ok"> by class="ok"> an class="ok"> armed
conflict. class="ok"> Not class="ok"> only class="ok"> did class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> promote class="ok"> this class="ok"> characterization class="ok"> within class="ok"> France, class="ok"> but class="ok"> also
persisted class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> promotion class="ok"> internationally. class="ok"> For class="ok"> example, class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> while class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> held
one class="ok"> of class="ok"> ten class="ok"> rotating class="ok"> seats class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> (“UNSC”), class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> and class="ok"> French
representatives class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNSC class="ok"> unsuccessfully class="ok"> sought class="ok"> to class="ok"> amend class="ok"> the class="ok"> opening class="ok"> paragraphs class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> draft
UNSC class="ok"> statement class="ok"> by class="ok"> removing class="ok"> the class="ok"> assertion class="ok"> that class="ok"> Government class="ok"> forces class="ok"> were class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> the
killings class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.
French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> characterized class="ok"> the class="ok"> situation class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> civil class="ok"> war class="ok"> or class="ok"> a class="ok"> double-genocide, class="ok"> particularly class="ok"> in class="ok"> April
1994.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> by class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994
and class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> using class="ok"> the class="ok"> term class="ok"> “double class="ok"> genocide”;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> requests class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNSC class="ok"> to class="ok"> remove class="ok"> references class="ok"> to class="ok"> culpable
Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> forces class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> UN class="ok"> delegations class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April
1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994.

33. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> to class="ok"> legitimize class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> and class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> more class="ok"> than
a class="ok"> month class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi.
Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that, class="ok"> even class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> outbreak class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> continued
to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> technical class="ok"> and class="ok"> political class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> while class="ok"> seeking class="ok"> to class="ok"> improve class="ok"> perceptions class="ok"> of class="ok"> their
legitimacy class="ok"> abroad. class="ok"> In class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> defense class="ok"> official class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Ephrem class="ok"> Rwabalinda class="ok"> visited
26

Paris class="ok"> and class="ok"> met class="ok"> with class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Huchon, class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Ministry class="ok"> of
Cooperation. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> participants class="ok"> discussed class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR’s class="ok"> need class="ok"> for class="ok"> clothing,
ammunition, class="ok"> and class="ok"> transmission class="ok"> equipment. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> General class="ok"> Huchon class="ok"> promised class="ok"> that
relief class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> carried class="ok"> out class="ok"> in class="ok"> favor class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> and class="ok"> stressed class="ok"> the class="ok"> importance class="ok"> of
bringing class="ok"> international class="ok"> opinion class="ok"> around class="ok"> in class="ok"> favor class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Ephrem class="ok"> Rwabalinda’s class="ok"> visit class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> from class="ok"> 9-13 class="ok"> May
1994, class="ok"> including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to class="ok"> his class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Huchon class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ministry
of class="ok"> Cooperation class="ok"> on class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> May;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> planned class="ok"> for class="ok"> or class="ok"> provided class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
Habyarimana class="ok"> regime class="ok"> from class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 18 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> shipments class="ok"> of class="ok"> encrypted class="ok"> (or class="ok"> any class="ok"> other) class="ok"> communications
equipment class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> improve class="ok"> international class="ok"> opinion class="ok"> in class="ok"> favor class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> IRG; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> belief class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> legitimacy class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> as class="ok"> a
governing class="ok"> institution.

34. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> made class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
a. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
Although class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> represented class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> that class="ok"> its class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> in class="ok"> conducting class="ok"> Opération
Turquoise class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> save class="ok"> human class="ok"> lives class="ok"> and class="ok"> put class="ok"> an class="ok"> end class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres, class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> over class="ok"> the
course class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> may class="ok"> also class="ok"> have class="ok"> had class="ok"> other class="ok"> objectives
in class="ok"> mind. class="ok"> Guillaume class="ok"> Ancel, class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldier class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> has class="ok"> publicly
claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> mission’s class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> fight class="ok"> “the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> soldiers” class="ok"> who class="ok"> endangered class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> ally.
Ancel class="ok"> has class="ok"> further class="ok"> commented class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> instructed class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> prevent class="ok"> journalists class="ok"> from class="ok"> discovering
French class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> rearm class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR.
Consistent class="ok"> with class="ok"> Ancel’s class="ok"> account, class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> Catherine class="ok"> Bond class="ok"> reported class="ok"> on class="ok"> 28 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> that class="ok"> France’s
Defense class="ok"> Minister, class="ok"> Francois class="ok"> Léotard, class="ok"> clarified class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> strategy class="ok"> while class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> ground class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> beginning class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise. class="ok"> “Mr. class="ok"> Leotard class="ok"> said class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> minority class="ok"> could
not class="ok"> rule class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> France class="ok"> would class="ok"> ensure class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> government class="ok"> would class="ok"> include class="ok"> it class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> political
coalition.” class="ok"> In class="ok"> his class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> New class="ok"> York class="ok"> Times class="ok"> article, class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> Raymod class="ok"> Bonner class="ok"> agreed, class="ok"> noting
that, class="ok"> “in class="ok"> protecting class="ok"> a class="ok"> region class="ok"> that class="ok"> contains class="ok"> Government class="ok"> forces class="ok"> but class="ok"> no class="ok"> rebel class="ok"> troops, class="ok"> France class="ok"> has
effectively class="ok"> come class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> rescue class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> beleaguered class="ok"> Hutu-dominated class="ok"> Government.”
Similarly class="ok"> skeptical, class="ok"> New class="ok"> Zealand’s class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Colin class="ok"> Keating class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> his class="ok"> doubts class="ok"> to class="ok"> his
Security class="ok"> Counsel class="ok"> counterparts, class="ok"> questioning class="ok"> why class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> do class="ok"> something
that class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> blue class="ok"> helmets class="ok"> should class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to class="ok"> do.

27

The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> identifying class="ok"> the class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> including class="ok"> its class="ok"> military
objectives;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> French class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> prevent class="ok"> journalists class="ok"> from class="ok"> discovering
and/or class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> on class="ok"> their class="ok"> activities class="ok"> in class="ok"> rearming class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and
31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> orders class="ok"> given class="ok"> to class="ok"> Guillaume class="ok"> Ancel class="ok"> or class="ok"> his class="ok"> supervisors class="ok"> between
7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> to class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> from class="ok"> Western class="ok"> journalists class="ok"> questioning
French class="ok"> government class="ok"> motivations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31
August class="ok"> 1994.

b. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> French class="ok"> orders class="ok"> to class="ok"> rearm class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> combatants class="ok"> and
génocidaires class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1994
French class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> Patrick class="ok"> de class="ok"> Saint-Exupéry class="ok"> reported class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> 2017, class="ok"> a class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French class="ok"> officer class="ok"> reviewed
French class="ok"> archives class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> confirmed class="ok"> the class="ok"> existence class="ok"> of class="ok"> several class="ok"> documents class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> an class="ok"> order
for class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> to class="ok"> rearm class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> officer, class="ok"> the class="ok"> documents class="ok"> he
reviewed class="ok"> indicated class="ok"> that class="ok"> many class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> understand class="ok"> the class="ok"> order class="ok"> and class="ok"> hesitated class="ok"> to class="ok"> comply.
Addressing class="ok"> their class="ok"> concerns, class="ok"> Hubert class="ok"> Védrine, class="ok"> the class="ok"> secretary class="ok"> general class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Élysée, class="ok"> wrote class="ok"> a class="ok"> message
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> margin class="ok"> of class="ok"> one class="ok"> note, class="ok"> urging class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> to class="ok"> “stick class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> fixed class="ok"> directives,” class="ok"> which class="ok"> Saint-Exupéry
interpreted class="ok"> to class="ok"> mean class="ok"> rearming class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu. class="ok"> Guillaume class="ok"> Ancel class="ok"> has class="ok"> claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> personally class="ok"> carried
out class="ok"> orders class="ok"> to class="ok"> rearm class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> fleeing class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> summer class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> orders class="ok"> for class="ok"> any
French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> arms class="ok"> to class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> militias, class="ok"> or
other class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> combatants class="ok"> who class="ok"> participated class="ok"> or class="ok"> were class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> participated class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> Against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> (“génocidaires”), class="ok"> including class="ok"> relevant class="ok"> after class="ok"> action
reports class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> this class="ok"> date class="ok"> range; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> between class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> weapons
caches class="ok"> intended class="ok"> for class="ok"> rearming class="ok"> génocidaires, class="ok"> including class="ok"> any class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> stored class="ok"> in class="ok"> sea
containers class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> base class="ok"> at class="ok"> Cyangugu class="ok"> Airport, class="ok"> including class="ok"> relevant class="ok"> after-action
reports class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> this class="ok"> date class="ok"> range.

c. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French class="ok"> actions class="ok"> facilitating class="ok"> the class="ok"> passage class="ok"> of class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> members
through class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> from class="ok"> Cyangugu class="ok"> into class="ok"> Bukavu, class="ok"> Zaire
At class="ok"> his class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> hearing, class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Lafourcade, class="ok"> Head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> Commanding class="ok"> Force, class="ok"> testified
that class="ok"> in class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> crossed class="ok"> from class="ok"> Cyangugu class="ok"> (within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone
which class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> established class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> the class="ok"> month class="ok"> prior) class="ok"> into class="ok"> Bukayu, class="ok"> Zaire. class="ok"> Lafourcade
28

claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> while class="ok"> he class="ok"> knew class="ok"> about class="ok"> their class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> SHZ, class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> aid class="ok"> in class="ok"> their
movement class="ok"> into class="ok"> Zaire.
However, class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> between class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> July
1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> including class="ok"> General class="ok"> Raymond class="ok"> Germanos class="ok"> arranged class="ok"> with class="ok"> the
Mayor class="ok"> of class="ok"> Bukavu class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> passage class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> fleeing class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> members class="ok"> from class="ok"> Cyangugu class="ok"> into class="ok"> Zaire.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> facilitate class="ok"> the class="ok"> passage class="ok"> of class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> members
through class="ok"> the class="ok"> safe class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> zone;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> sent class="ok"> from class="ok"> or class="ok"> received class="ok"> by class="ok"> General class="ok"> Raymond class="ok"> Germanos class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> June
1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> Operation class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> or class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian
Zone;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Mayor class="ok"> of
Bukavu class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> communications class="ok"> from, class="ok"> to, class="ok"> or class="ok"> though class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Lafourcade
and class="ok"> General class="ok"> Raymond class="ok"> Germanos class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994.

35. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> continued class="ok"> willingness class="ok"> to class="ok"> harbor class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> within class="ok"> its
borders, class="ok"> its class="ok"> decision class="ok"> not class="ok"> to class="ok"> prosecute class="ok"> the class="ok"> offenders class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> court class="ok"> system, class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> resistance
to class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> extradite class="ok"> them class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> or class="ok"> Rwanda.
Since class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> significant class="ok"> controversy class="ok"> has class="ok"> been class="ok"> generated class="ok"> by class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> protective class="ok"> approach class="ok"> towards
suspected class="ok"> génocidaires. class="ok"> Multiple class="ok"> international class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> bodies class="ok"> – class="ok"> including class="ok"> HRW, class="ok"> the
European class="ok"> Court class="ok"> of class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> (“ECHR”), class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Paris-based class="ok"> NGO class="ok"> Collectif class="ok"> des class="ok"> Parties
Civiles class="ok"> pour class="ok"> le class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (“CPCR”) class="ok"> – class="ok"> have class="ok"> criticized class="ok"> France class="ok"> for class="ok"> refusing class="ok"> to class="ok"> honor class="ok"> extradition
requests, class="ok"> delaying class="ok"> prosecutions class="ok"> and class="ok"> investigations, class="ok"> and class="ok"> failing class="ok"> to class="ok"> reach class="ok"> convictions class="ok"> of class="ok"> suspected
génocidaires class="ok"> within class="ok"> its class="ok"> jurisdiction. class="ok"> Between class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 2017, class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Cour class="ok"> de class="ok"> cassation class="ok"> denied
over class="ok"> 33 class="ok"> extradition class="ok"> requests class="ok"> filed class="ok"> by class="ok"> CPCR class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government. class="ok"> In class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> time class="ok"> frame,
French class="ok"> courts class="ok"> issued class="ok"> only class="ok"> three class="ok"> convictions class="ok"> against class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> génocidaires, class="ok"> despite class="ok"> 25 class="ok"> civil
complaints class="ok"> for class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> violations class="ok"> filed class="ok"> by class="ok"> CPCR. class="ok"> In class="ok"> some class="ok"> cases, class="ok"> the class="ok"> complaints class="ok"> never
prompted class="ok"> investigations. class="ok"> When class="ok"> they class="ok"> did, class="ok"> French class="ok"> courts class="ok"> were class="ok"> often class="ok"> criticized class="ok"> for class="ok"> failing class="ok"> to class="ok"> bring
cases class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> prompt class="ok"> resolution, class="ok"> as class="ok"> required class="ok"> by class="ok"> Article class="ok"> 5(3) class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> ECHR. class="ok"> In class="ok"> January class="ok"> 2018, class="ok"> the class="ok"> 29th
session class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Universal class="ok"> Periodic class="ok"> Review class="ok"> Working class="ok"> Group, class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> Council,
placed class="ok"> France class="ok"> under class="ok"> review class="ok"> (for class="ok"> the class="ok"> third class="ok"> time) class="ok"> for class="ok"> undue class="ok"> delays class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> and
prosecution class="ok"> of class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> within class="ok"> its class="ok"> borders. class="ok"> In class="ok"> January class="ok"> 2004, class="ok"> the class="ok"> ECHR class="ok"> unanimously
ruled class="ok"> that class="ok"> France class="ok"> had class="ok"> violated class="ok"> the class="ok"> rights class="ok"> of class="ok"> Yvonne class="ok"> Mutimura, class="ok"> a class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> victim, class="ok"> by
allowing class="ok"> unreasonable class="ok"> delays class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> of class="ok"> her class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> perpetrator, class="ok"> Wenceslas
Munyeshyaka. class="ok"> Munyeshyaka class="ok"> remains class="ok"> at class="ok"> large, class="ok"> his class="ok"> case class="ok"> having class="ok"> been class="ok"> dismissed class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> judge
in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 2015.
To class="ok"> date, class="ok"> France class="ok"> continues class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> shelter class="ok"> for class="ok"> dozens class="ok"> of class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> génocidaires, class="ok"> including
Agathe class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> (the class="ok"> former class="ok"> president’s class="ok"> wife class="ok"> and class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> architect class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide),
29

Callixte class="ok"> Mbarushimana class="ok"> (a class="ok"> former class="ok"> U.N. class="ok"> volunteer class="ok"> who class="ok"> allegedly class="ok"> killed class="ok"> 32 class="ok"> civilians class="ok"> while class="ok"> stationed
in class="ok"> Kigali), class="ok"> Eugéne class="ok"> Rwamucyo class="ok"> and class="ok"> Sosthéne class="ok"> Munyemana class="ok"> (violent class="ok"> members class="ok"> extremist class="ok"> Hutu-power
gangs), class="ok"> and class="ok"> Claude class="ok"> Muhayimana class="ok"> (accused class="ok"> of class="ok"> participating class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gatwaro class="ok"> stadium class="ok"> in
1994). class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> some class="ok"> estimates, class="ok"> France class="ok"> harbors class="ok"> more class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> than class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> country.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> policies, class="ok"> practices, class="ok"> and class="ok"> decisions
regarding class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> génocidaires, class="ok"> including class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Habyarimana, class="ok"> Callixte
Mbarushimana, class="ok"> Eugéne class="ok"> Rwamucyo, class="ok"> Sosthéne class="ok"> Munyemana, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Claude class="ok"> Muhayimana
(i.e. class="ok"> denying class="ok"> extradition class="ok"> requests class="ok"> and class="ok"> providing class="ok"> funds class="ok"> and class="ok"> housing).

36. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> issued class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> about class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1994
The class="ok"> Direction class="ok"> du class="ok"> renseignement class="ok"> militaire, class="ok"> Directorate class="ok"> of class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Intelligence class="ok"> (“DRM”) class="ok"> was
created class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> urging class="ok"> of class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Pierre class="ok"> Joxe. class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Heinrich class="ok"> led
the class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> from class="ok"> its class="ok"> inception class="ok"> until class="ok"> November class="ok"> 1995. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> summary class="ok"> of class="ok"> General
Heinrich’s class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> testimony, class="ok"> the class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> sent class="ok"> the class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> a class="ok"> memo class="ok"> every class="ok"> morning
concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> main class="ok"> crisis class="ok"> areas class="ok"> and, class="ok"> under class="ok"> this class="ok"> format, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> of class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> “would class="ok"> receive
daily class="ok"> or class="ok"> fifteen class="ok"> lines class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> situation class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.” class="ok"> He class="ok"> also class="ok"> said class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> would class="ok"> also class="ok"> create
analytical class="ok"> reports class="ok"> to class="ok"> inform class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> when class="ok"> they class="ok"> found class="ok"> a class="ok"> situation class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> important. class="ok"> Only class="ok"> a class="ok"> few class="ok"> of
these class="ok"> documents class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> made class="ok"> available class="ok"> through class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> forums.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

All class="ok"> daily class="ok"> memos class="ok"> about class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> by class="ok"> any class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> June
1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> contributing class="ok"> documents; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> analytical class="ok"> reports class="ok"> about class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> prepared class="ok"> by class="ok"> any class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> DRM class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1
June class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> contributing class="ok"> documents.

37. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> created class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> about class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1994
Between class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Direction class="ok"> Générale class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> sécurité class="ok"> extérieure, class="ok"> (“DGSE”), class="ok"> France’s
foreign class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> agency, class="ok"> relayed class="ok"> most class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> back class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> from class="ok"> its
established class="ok"> positions class="ok"> in class="ok"> Uganda. class="ok"> In class="ok"> his class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> testimony, class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Dewatre, class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> director class="ok"> between
June class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> and class="ok"> February class="ok"> 2000, class="ok"> stated class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> issued class="ok"> 323 class="ok"> notes class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1990
and class="ok"> 1994: class="ok"> eight class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> six class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> 24 class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> and class="ok"> 258 class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> Only class="ok"> a class="ok"> few class="ok"> of class="ok"> these
notes class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> made class="ok"> available class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> public class="ok"> through class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> forums.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

The class="ok"> full class="ok"> set class="ok"> of class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> notes class="ok"> issued class="ok"> about class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> other class="ok"> documents class="ok"> prepared class="ok"> by class="ok"> or class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January
1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
30

•

All class="ok"> DGSE class="ok"> written class="ok"> recommendations class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> drafted class="ok"> between class="ok"> 1 class="ok"> January
1992 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1994.

38. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> completeness class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1998 class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> inquiry class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> accuracy class="ok"> of class="ok"> its
conclusions
On class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> December class="ok"> 1998, class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> that class="ok"> “France class="ok"> [had] class="ok"> in class="ok"> no class="ok"> way class="ok"> incited, class="ok"> encouraged,
assisted, class="ok"> or class="ok"> supported class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> orchestrated class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide.” class="ok"> Controversial class="ok"> to class="ok"> many, class="ok"> this
conclusion class="ok"> even class="ok"> drew class="ok"> criticism class="ok"> from class="ok"> within class="ok"> its class="ok"> own class="ok"> body. class="ok"> The class="ok"> day class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> was class="ok"> released,
MIP class="ok"> committee class="ok"> member class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Lefort, class="ok"> issued class="ok"> a class="ok"> press class="ok"> release class="ok"> claiming class="ok"> (1) class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> not
been class="ok"> consulted class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> report’s class="ok"> final class="ok"> approval, class="ok"> (2) class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> believed class="ok"> several class="ok"> major class="ok"> issues
remained class="ok"> unresolved, class="ok"> and class="ok"> (3) class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> officially class="ok"> abstained class="ok"> from class="ok"> endorsing class="ok"> the class="ok"> final class="ok"> product. class="ok"> Lefort
explained class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> 2008 class="ok"> interview class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> believed class="ok"> the class="ok"> fact-finding class="ok"> mission class="ok"> failed class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> mission class="ok"> to
highlight class="ok"> the class="ok"> truth.
Documents class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> public class="ok"> record class="ok"> show class="ok"> that class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> parliamentary class="ok"> inquiry, class="ok"> Lefort
repeatedly class="ok"> emphasized class="ok"> to class="ok"> his class="ok"> colleagues class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> committee class="ok"> that class="ok"> critical class="ok"> documents class="ok"> were class="ok"> missing
from class="ok"> their class="ok"> files. class="ok"> From class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> August class="ok"> to class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1998, class="ok"> Lefort class="ok"> sent class="ok"> nineteen class="ok"> memos class="ok"> to class="ok"> other
committee class="ok"> members, class="ok"> highlighting class="ok"> unanswered class="ok"> questions, class="ok"> identifying class="ok"> gaps class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> evidence, class="ok"> and
requesting class="ok"> additional class="ok"> documents. class="ok"> While class="ok"> it class="ok"> is class="ok"> unclear class="ok"> whether class="ok"> the class="ok"> committee class="ok"> members class="ok"> received class="ok"> any
of class="ok"> these class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> several class="ok"> the class="ok"> documents class="ok"> he class="ok"> identified class="ok"> as class="ok"> missing class="ok"> do class="ok"> not class="ok"> appear class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> reflected
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Annex class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> final class="ok"> report. class="ok"> These class="ok"> documents class="ok"> include:
•
•
•
•

•

•
•

“CAP class="ok"> notes” class="ok"> held class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Quai class="ok"> d’Orsay;
Diplomatic class="ok"> cables class="ok"> and class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> summaries class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> and
representatives class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> (the class="ok"> MIP
Annex, class="ok"> Section class="ok"> 8 class="ok"> contains class="ok"> no class="ok"> such class="ok"> records);
Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> an class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> sale class="ok"> for class="ok"> Alouette class="ok"> II class="ok"> helicopters class="ok"> reported class="ok"> on class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> July
1994 class="ok"> (Lefort class="ok"> noted class="ok"> that class="ok"> File class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP’s class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> folder class="ok"> contained class="ok"> a
record class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> sale class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> recipient);
Communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> d’assistance class="ok"> militaire class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> assistants
militaires class="ok"> techniques class="ok"> (Lefort class="ok"> noted class="ok"> that class="ok"> an class="ok"> unofficial class="ok"> organizational class="ok"> chart class="ok"> from class="ok"> General
Mourgeon class="ok"> indicated class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> units class="ok"> were class="ok"> “in class="ok"> connection” class="ok"> but class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> had class="ok"> no class="ok"> records class="ok"> of
their class="ok"> communications);
Daily/weekly class="ok"> reports class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attaché class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> following class="ok"> periods:
o class="ok"> February-April class="ok"> 1991
o class="ok"> March-May class="ok"> 1992
o class="ok"> September-December class="ok"> 1992
o class="ok"> November-December class="ok"> 1993
o class="ok"> Most class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> (the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> Annex class="ok"> contains class="ok"> only class="ok"> one class="ok"> report class="ok"> from class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Cussac class="ok"> in
1994);
Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> activities class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> DAMI class="ok"> bataillon-para class="ok"> and class="ok"> commando class="ok"> de
recherche class="ok"> et class="ok"> d’action class="ok"> en class="ok"> profondeur class="ok"> units; class="ok"> and
Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> fact-finding class="ok"> mission class="ok"> arriving class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> on class="ok"> 25 class="ok"> November
1991 class="ok"> (Lefort class="ok"> noted class="ok"> that class="ok"> two class="ok"> cables class="ok"> referred class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> mission class="ok"> but class="ok"> that class="ok"> neither class="ok"> the class="ok"> telegrams

31

nor class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> documents class="ok"> possessed class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> indicated class="ok"> the class="ok"> mission’s class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> or
conclusions).
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> identified class="ok"> as class="ok"> missing class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> archives class="ok"> by class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Lefort,
including class="ok"> those class="ok"> outlined class="ok"> above;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> or class="ok"> questions class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> inquiry class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by
Jean-Claude class="ok"> Lefort class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> parliamentarians class="ok"> during class="ok"> their class="ok"> time class="ok"> as class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
committee; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> gathered class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> MIP class="ok"> during class="ok"> their class="ok"> inquiry, class="ok"> including class="ok"> all class="ok"> messages class="ok"> sent
from class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attaché class="ok"> Galinie class="ok"> on class="ok"> or class="ok"> about class="ok"> 27 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1991.

39. class="ok"> All class="ok"> photographs class="ok"> and class="ok"> audiovisual class="ok"> recordings class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide
Evidence class="ok"> has class="ok"> indicated class="ok"> that, class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opérations class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> and class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers, class="ok"> military
advisers, class="ok"> and class="ok"> officials class="ok"> took class="ok"> numerous class="ok"> photographs class="ok"> and class="ok"> audiovisual class="ok"> recordings. class="ok"> To class="ok"> the class="ok"> extent class="ok"> that
such class="ok"> media class="ok"> relate class="ok"> to class="ok"> events, class="ok"> victims, class="ok"> participants, class="ok"> and class="ok"> circumstances class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> Against
the class="ok"> Tutsi, class="ok"> they class="ok"> constitute class="ok"> real class="ok"> and class="ok"> tangible class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> directly class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> critical class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwandan
history.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> photographs, class="ok"> sketches, class="ok"> and class="ok"> audiovisual class="ok"> recordings class="ok"> in class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> possession class="ok"> related
to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> taken class="ok"> or class="ok"> discovered class="ok"> between class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 31 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994.

Conclusion
France class="ok"> has class="ok"> had class="ok"> a class="ok"> continuing class="ok"> and class="ok"> important class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> events class="ok"> that class="ok"> impacted class="ok"> the class="ok"> course class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide
against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> The class="ok"> full class="ok"> measure class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> role class="ok"> must class="ok"> be class="ok"> carefully class="ok"> and class="ok"> honestly class="ok"> assessed. class="ok"> And class="ok"> France
has class="ok"> a class="ok"> moral class="ok"> obligation class="ok"> to class="ok"> cooperate class="ok"> with class="ok"> this class="ok"> process.
In class="ok"> this class="ok"> letter, class="ok"> as class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> one class="ok"> sent class="ok"> in class="ok"> December, class="ok"> we class="ok"> have class="ok"> delineated class="ok"> topical class="ok"> areas class="ok"> and class="ok"> offered class="ok"> some
commentary class="ok"> about class="ok"> their class="ok"> relevance. class="ok"> We class="ok"> underscore class="ok"> that class="ok"> no class="ok"> final class="ok"> judgments class="ok"> about class="ok"> these class="ok"> matters
have class="ok"> been class="ok"> reached. class="ok"> That class="ok"> will class="ok"> await class="ok"> the class="ok"> Investigation’s class="ok"> final class="ok"> report. class="ok"> But class="ok"> most class="ok"> certainly, class="ok"> the
Investigation class="ok"> will class="ok"> be class="ok"> enhanced class="ok"> and class="ok"> made class="ok"> more class="ok"> valuable class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
government. class="ok"> The class="ok"> people class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> people class="ok"> of class="ok"> France, class="ok"> will class="ok"> benefit class="ok"> from class="ok"> France’s
transparency class="ok"> and class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> with class="ok"> this class="ok"> process. class="ok"> [sign class="ok"> off]

32

APPENDIX class="ok"> D

1. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> monitoring class="ok"> of class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> activities
prior class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> Attack
It class="ok"> is class="ok"> clear class="ok"> that class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> was class="ok"> monitoring class="ok"> the class="ok"> actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Diaspora,
including class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> living class="ok"> in class="ok"> Uganda. class="ok"> He class="ok"> was class="ok"> also class="ok"> aware class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> action class="ok"> by
the class="ok"> RPA. class="ok"> The class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> long-time class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> with class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s
government class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> it class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> involved class="ok"> in class="ok"> or, class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> very class="ok"> least, class="ok"> aware class="ok"> of class="ok"> intelligence
gathering, class="ok"> which class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> continued class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> the class="ok"> conflict class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> This class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> also
been class="ok"> otherwise class="ok"> assisting class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> government class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
diaspora class="ok"> in class="ok"> Uganda.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of, class="ok"> and class="ok"> actions class="ok"> taken
regarding, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> diaspora class="ok"> community;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> or class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> gathering class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government
regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> before class="ok"> 19 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> Governments class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwanda
regarding class="ok"> a class="ok"> possible class="ok"> attack class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> as class="ok"> it class="ok"> prepared class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> attack; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> engage class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
government class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> issue class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> refugees.

2. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses
committed class="ok"> by class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1990
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> from class="ok"> Reuters, class="ok"> in class="ok"> early class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> approximately class="ok"> 1,000 class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> from
Zaire, class="ok"> including class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> from class="ok"> President class="ok"> Mobutu’s class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard, class="ok"> were class="ok"> deployed class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda
to class="ok"> fight class="ok"> alongside class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> (Forces class="ok"> armées class="ok"> rwandaises) class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Gendarmerie class="ok"> units, class="ok"> with
French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> present, class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA. class="ok"> Shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> their class="ok"> arrival, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> troops class="ok"> developed
a class="ok"> reputation class="ok"> for class="ok"> brutality class="ok"> and class="ok"> widespread class="ok"> violations class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights, class="ok"> according class="ok"> to class="ok"> an class="ok"> internal class="ok"> cable
from class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of class="ok"> State class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> US class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Intelligence class="ok"> Agency class="ok"> brief. class="ok"> In class="ok"> Kigali, class="ok"> Zairian
soldiers class="ok"> monitored class="ok"> city class="ok"> entry-points class="ok"> and class="ok"> carried class="ok"> out class="ok"> house class="ok"> searches, class="ok"> prompting class="ok"> reports class="ok"> of class="ok"> thievery,
intimidation, class="ok"> and class="ok"> sexual class="ok"> assault. class="ok"> Outside class="ok"> the class="ok"> capital, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> forces class="ok"> lived class="ok"> off class="ok"> the class="ok"> land,
commonly class="ok"> seizing class="ok"> resources class="ok"> or class="ok"> property class="ok"> by class="ok"> force. class="ok"> Various class="ok"> countries class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> region class="ok"> expressed
concern class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> US class="ok"> Deputy class="ok"> Assistant class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of
State class="ok"> Irvin class="ok"> Hicks class="ok"> has class="ok"> stated class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> U.S. class="ok"> was class="ok"> taking class="ok"> a class="ok"> hard class="ok"> line class="ok"> against class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses. class="ok"> On
11 class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> a class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> official class="ok"> informed class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> was class="ok"> “unfortunate” class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> reason class="ok"> for class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> to class="ok"> withdraw class="ok"> from
1

Rwanda class="ok"> as class="ok"> soon class="ok"> as class="ok"> possible. class="ok"> Less class="ok"> than class="ok"> two class="ok"> weeks class="ok"> later, class="ok"> a class="ok"> US class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> memo class="ok"> characterized class="ok"> the
Zairian class="ok"> troops class="ok"> as class="ok"> having class="ok"> “a class="ok"> penchant class="ok"> for class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> and class="ok"> theft.” class="ok"> In class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> the
Rwandan class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> U.S., class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Uwimana, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> October, class="ok"> Hicks class="ok"> also class="ok"> expressed
reservations class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> discipline class="ok"> of class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> troops class="ok"> given class="ok"> reports class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> at
their class="ok"> hands. class="ok"> It class="ok"> is class="ok"> also class="ok"> unclear class="ok"> whether class="ok"> any class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> asked class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> counterparts
to class="ok"> call class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> discipline class="ok"> or class="ok"> withdrawal class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> in class="ok"> light class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> and class="ok"> activity class="ok"> of class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> armed class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in
October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> including class="ok"> any class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses
involving class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zairean class="ok"> troops;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> held class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> representatives
regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> or class="ok"> actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> troops;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> showing class="ok"> any class="ok"> coordinated class="ok"> activities class="ok"> between class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> forces, class="ok"> in
opposition class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> showing class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France, class="ok"> like class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States, class="ok"> Belgium
and class="ok"> other class="ok"> countries, class="ok"> condemned class="ok"> the class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> violations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> by class="ok"> Zairian class="ok"> troops.

3. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> providing class="ok"> training class="ok"> for class="ok"> FAR
elite class="ok"> units class="ok"> while class="ok"> in class="ok"> battle class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA
In class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1990, class="ok"> there class="ok"> were class="ok"> already class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperants class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> ground class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda,
including class="ok"> several class="ok"> who class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> working class="ok"> to class="ok"> train class="ok"> key class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> units class="ok"> – class="ok"> the class="ok"> reconnaissance class="ok"> battalion, class="ok"> the
para-commando class="ok"> battalion, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> aviation class="ok"> squadron class="ok"> – class="ok"> that class="ok"> were class="ok"> among class="ok"> the class="ok"> first class="ok"> dispatched class="ok"> to
surveil class="ok"> and class="ok"> repel class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA. class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Varret class="ok"> testified class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1998 class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> instructor-pilots class="ok"> were
on class="ok"> board class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gazelle class="ok"> helicopters class="ok"> sent class="ok"> into class="ok"> combat class="ok"> alongside class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandans. class="ok"> The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of
France class="ok"> has class="ok"> maintained, class="ok"> however, class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> instructors class="ok"> “were class="ok"> not class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> controls class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
helicopter class="ok"> to class="ok"> fire” class="ok"> – class="ok"> they class="ok"> were class="ok"> onboard class="ok"> only class="ok"> “to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> flying class="ok"> and class="ok"> shooting class="ok"> instruction.”
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> French class="ok"> training class="ok"> of class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> troops, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Fall class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1990;
All class="ok"> documents, class="ok"> including class="ok"> after-action class="ok"> reports, class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> role class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> in
Rwanda, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Fall class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1990; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> or class="ok"> suggesting class="ok"> how class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> was class="ok"> able class="ok"> to class="ok"> verify
that class="ok"> French class="ok"> pilots class="ok"> were class="ok"> not class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> controls class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> helicopters.

2

4. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> among class="ok"> US class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Flaten,
US class="ok"> Acting class="ok"> Deputy class="ok"> Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> Carol class="ok"> Fuller, class="ok"> and class="ok"> President class="ok"> Juvenal
Habyarimana
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> summer class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> US class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Flaten class="ok"> and
Acting class="ok"> Deputy class="ok"> Chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> (DCM) class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Embassy class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> Carol class="ok"> Fuller class="ok"> met class="ok"> with
President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> another class="ok"> senior class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> official class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> consultation class="ok"> visit. class="ok"> During class="ok"> the
meeting, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Théoneste class="ok"> Bagosora class="ok"> walked class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> room class="ok"> and class="ok"> placed class="ok"> a class="ok"> document class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> table
in class="ok"> front class="ok"> of class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> titled class="ok"> “la class="ok"> solution class="ok"> au class="ok"> problème class="ok"> Tutsi.” class="ok"> DCM class="ok"> Fuller class="ok"> took class="ok"> note class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> title
of class="ok"> the class="ok"> document class="ok"> and class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> concern class="ok"> about class="ok"> it class="ok"> privately class="ok"> to class="ok"> Amb. class="ok"> Flaten class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> or class="ok"> suggesting class="ok"> the class="ok"> existence class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> document class="ok"> titled class="ok"> “la class="ok"> solution class="ok"> au
problème class="ok"> Tutsi” class="ok"> written class="ok"> by class="ok"> or class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> possession class="ok"> of class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana
government;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> that class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana
government class="ok"> were class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> a class="ok"> “Tutsi class="ok"> problem” class="ok"> as class="ok"> early class="ok"> as class="ok"> 1991; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> about class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> prejudice class="ok"> against class="ok"> Tutsis
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> government.

5. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> arrest class="ok"> of class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Government
in class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1991
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Parliamentary class="ok"> Report class="ok"> on class="ok"> its class="ok"> military class="ok"> operations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> between
1990 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> in class="ok"> September, class="ok"> 1991, class="ok"> on class="ok"> a class="ok"> trip class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paris, class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> was class="ok"> arrested class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
government. class="ok"> He class="ok"> had class="ok"> met class="ok"> with class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud, class="ok"> Director class="ok"> of class="ok"> African class="ok"> and class="ok"> Malagasy class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
Ministry class="ok"> of class="ok"> Foreign class="ok"> Affairs, class="ok"> the class="ok"> previous class="ok"> day. class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> recalled class="ok"> in class="ok"> an class="ok"> interview class="ok"> that class="ok"> at class="ok"> his
meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> Dijoud, class="ok"> Dijoud class="ok"> had class="ok"> told class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> "If class="ok"> you class="ok"> do class="ok"> not class="ok"> stop class="ok"> the class="ok"> fight, class="ok"> if class="ok"> you class="ok"> take class="ok"> the
country, class="ok"> you class="ok"> will class="ok"> not class="ok"> find class="ok"> your class="ok"> brothers class="ok"> and class="ok"> your class="ok"> families, class="ok"> because class="ok"> all class="ok"> will class="ok"> have class="ok"> been
massacred!" class="ok"> Describing class="ok"> the class="ok"> arrest class="ok"> itself, class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> recalled class="ok"> that class="ok"> at class="ok"> 4AM, class="ok"> “hotel class="ok"> security class="ok"> and class="ok"> the
police class="ok"> waltzed class="ok"> into class="ok"> our class="ok"> rooms class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> master class="ok"> key, class="ok"> abruptly class="ok"> switching class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> lights class="ok"> and class="ok"> waking
me class="ok"> up. class="ok"> They class="ok"> had class="ok"> guns class="ok"> pointed class="ok"> at class="ok"> me class="ok"> and class="ok"> were class="ok"> shouting class="ok"> ‘get class="ok"> up! class="ok"> get class="ok"> up!’” class="ok"> Then, class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> his
security class="ok"> team class="ok"> were class="ok"> driven class="ok"> to class="ok"> an class="ok"> unknown class="ok"> location class="ok"> for class="ok"> questioning.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> surveillance class="ok"> and class="ok"> later class="ok"> arrest class="ok"> of class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> others class="ok"> in
his class="ok"> group;
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> conversations class="ok"> between class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials,
including class="ok"> but class="ok"> not class="ok"> limited class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Dijoud;
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> of class="ok"> any class="ok"> interrogations class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> his
security class="ok"> team; class="ok"> and
3

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Dijoud’s class="ok"> statement class="ok"> that class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> others class="ok"> there class="ok"> with class="ok"> him
would class="ok"> never class="ok"> see class="ok"> his class="ok"> family class="ok"> again.

6. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> perspective class="ok"> on class="ok"> and class="ok"> participation class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha
negotiations
During class="ok"> the class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (“GOR”) class="ok"> in class="ok"> Arusha,
Tanzania, class="ok"> France class="ok"> participated class="ok"> as class="ok"> an class="ok"> observer class="ok"> state, class="ok"> stressing class="ok"> its class="ok"> status class="ok"> as class="ok"> an class="ok"> independent class="ok"> and
impartial class="ok"> bystander. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests, class="ok"> however, class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> were class="ok"> strongly class="ok"> biased class="ok"> in
favor class="ok"> of, class="ok"> and class="ok"> advocated class="ok"> for class="ok"> concessions class="ok"> favorable class="ok"> to, class="ok"> the class="ok"> GOR class="ok"> while class="ok"> attributing class="ok"> sinister
motivations class="ok"> to class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> representatives. class="ok"> There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> suggesting, class="ok"> for class="ok"> example, class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992,
General class="ok"> Christian class="ok"> Quesnot class="ok"> saw class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> as class="ok"> using class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> process class="ok"> simply class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> stall class="ok"> tactic class="ok"> to
strengthen class="ok"> its class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> preparation class="ok"> for class="ok"> another class="ok"> military class="ok"> campaign. class="ok"> On class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> French
officials class="ok"> Jean-Marc class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Sablière, class="ok"> Catherine class="ok"> Boivineau, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Bruno class="ok"> Delaye class="ok"> met class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> with class="ok"> an
RPF class="ok"> delegation class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> Chairman class="ok"> Alex class="ok"> Kanyarengwe class="ok"> in class="ok"> advance class="ok"> of class="ok"> upcoming class="ok"> talks class="ok"> at class="ok"> Arusha.
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> report class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> meeting, class="ok"> de class="ok"> la class="ok"> Sablière class="ok"> opened class="ok"> the class="ok"> discussion class="ok"> by class="ok"> demanding
concessions class="ok"> and class="ok"> angrily class="ok"> insisting class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> would class="ok"> never class="ok"> allow class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> to class="ok"> take
Kigali class="ok"> by class="ok"> force. class="ok"> When class="ok"> RPF-GOR class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> at class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> resumed class="ok"> on class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> September, class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
delegation class="ok"> included class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> Delort, class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> officer class="ok"> who class="ok"> had class="ok"> previously class="ok"> helped
Colonel class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier class="ok"> provide class="ok"> artillery class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> and class="ok"> training class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> prompting class="ok"> concerns
about class="ok"> the class="ok"> partiality class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> one class="ok"> report, class="ok"> a class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> official
remarked class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> that class="ok"> “Arusha, class="ok"> it’s class="ok"> Munich” class="ok"> – class="ok"> referencing class="ok"> the
appeasement class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Nazis class="ok"> before class="ok"> World class="ok"> War class="ok"> II.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> engagement class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> negotiations class="ok"> between
the class="ok"> GOR class="ok"> and class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1992-1993;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> send class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Delort class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
delegation class="ok"> to class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> in class="ok"> September class="ok"> 1992; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> statement class="ok"> made class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> official class="ok"> that class="ok"> “Arusha, class="ok"> it’s class="ok"> Munich”
– class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> similar class="ok"> statements class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> suggesting class="ok"> similar class="ok"> sentiments.

7. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> presence class="ok"> at class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> manned class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> and
Rwandan class="ok"> gendarmerie
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Parlimentary class="ok"> Report, class="ok"> In class="ok"> February class="ok"> 1993, class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Delort, class="ok"> recently
appointed class="ok"> the class="ok"> commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> operations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali, class="ok"> tasked class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> to
man class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> alongside class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Gendarmerie. class="ok"> At class="ok"> the class="ok"> time, class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French
officials class="ok"> were class="ok"> well-aware class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> frequent class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> at class="ok"> Gendarmerie-controlled
4

checkpoints class="ok"> across class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Nonetheless, class="ok"> French class="ok"> Noroît class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> were class="ok"> directed class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide
“limited class="ok"> action class="ok"> in class="ok"> support” class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gendarmerie, class="ok"> which class="ok"> appears class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> included class="ok"> delivering
“suspects” class="ok"> seeking class="ok"> passage class="ok"> through class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gendarmerie class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> processed.
Testimony class="ok"> from class="ok"> multiple class="ok"> sources class="ok"> has class="ok"> indicated class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> manning class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> turned class="ok"> a class="ok"> blind class="ok"> eye class="ok"> towards class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> committed class="ok"> by class="ok"> FAR, class="ok"> gendarmerie, class="ok"> and
other class="ok"> militarized class="ok"> groups class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> checkpoints. class="ok"> Testimony class="ok"> has class="ok"> also class="ok"> suggested class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces
contributed class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> by class="ok"> regularly class="ok"> checking class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> identity class="ok"> cards class="ok"> at class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> and
detaining class="ok"> or class="ok"> denying class="ok"> passage class="ok"> to class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> Reports class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> checking class="ok"> I.D. class="ok"> cards
for class="ok"> ethnicity, class="ok"> denying class="ok"> passage class="ok"> to class="ok"> Tutsi, class="ok"> and class="ok"> overlooking class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> in class="ok"> plain class="ok"> sight class="ok"> are
widespread class="ok"> and class="ok"> span class="ok"> many class="ok"> geographic class="ok"> areas. class="ok"> Reports class="ok"> concern class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> at class="ok"> checkpoints
in class="ok"> or class="ok"> near class="ok"> Gatsibo class="ok"> in class="ok"> Byumba, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kabuye class="ok"> Sugar class="ok"> Factory, class="ok"> Shyorongi, class="ok"> Ku class="ok"> Kirenge, class="ok"> Gisenyi,
Nyabarongo, class="ok"> and class="ok"> several class="ok"> locations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> – class="ok"> among class="ok"> others.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> manning, class="ok"> assisting class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> manning
of, class="ok"> or class="ok"> otherwise class="ok"> present class="ok"> at class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> including class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the
behavior class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> disciplinary class="ok"> processes class="ok"> taken class="ok"> against class="ok"> them;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> or class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> occurring class="ok"> at
or class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> vicinity class="ok"> of class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> where class="ok"> French class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> were class="ok"> present; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> photographs class="ok"> and class="ok"> videos class="ok"> showing class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> at class="ok"> checkpoints class="ok"> in
Rwanda.

8. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Henri class="ok"> Poncet’s class="ok"> claims class="ok"> about class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> his class="ok"> book, class="ok"> Shake class="ok"> Hands class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> Devil, class="ok"> On class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> force class="ok"> commander
General class="ok"> Roméo class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> had class="ok"> a class="ok"> brief class="ok"> conversation class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> airport class="ok"> with class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Poncet,
commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> force. class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> recalls class="ok"> that class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Poncet class="ok"> showed class="ok"> no class="ok"> interest
in class="ok"> cooperating class="ok"> with class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> interaction class="ok"> and class="ok"> emphasized class="ok"> that class="ok"> his class="ok"> mission class="ok"> was class="ok"> only class="ok"> to
rapidly class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> European class="ok"> nationals. class="ok"> In class="ok"> contradiction class="ok"> to class="ok"> reports class="ok"> already class="ok"> circulating
that class="ok"> French class="ok"> paratroopers class="ok"> had class="ok"> evacuated class="ok"> several class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> and class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> presidential
family, class="ok"> Poncet class="ok"> told class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> only class="ok"> there class="ok"> to class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> French class="ok"> expatriates class="ok"> and class="ok"> “white
people.”
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> mission class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis, class="ok"> targets class="ok"> of class="ok"> evacuation, class="ok"> and
orders class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> evacuations;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> interactions class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Poncet class="ok"> had class="ok"> with class="ok"> Gen. class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> including class="ok"> their
conversation class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> airport class="ok"> on class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
5

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> supporting class="ok"> or class="ok"> undercutting class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Poncet’s class="ok"> purported class="ok"> assertion class="ok"> on class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> April
1994 class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> force class="ok"> was class="ok"> only class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> to class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> French class="ok"> expatriates class="ok"> and
“white class="ok"> people.”

9. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> summarizing class="ok"> the class="ok"> contents class="ok"> of class="ok"> materials class="ok"> that class="ok"> were class="ok"> destroyed class="ok"> or class="ok"> burned class="ok"> at
the class="ok"> French class="ok"> embassy
Immediately class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> beginning class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> suggests class="ok"> France class="ok"> grew class="ok"> concerned class="ok"> that
documents class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> would class="ok"> expose class="ok"> France class="ok"> to class="ok"> criticism class="ok"> for class="ok"> its class="ok"> continued class="ok"> role class="ok"> with class="ok"> the
Habyarimana class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> coming class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> To class="ok"> protect class="ok"> France, class="ok"> the class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> in
Kigali class="ok"> set class="ok"> in class="ok"> motion class="ok"> a class="ok"> process class="ok"> to class="ok"> destroy class="ok"> documents class="ok"> so class="ok"> they class="ok"> would class="ok"> not class="ok"> be class="ok"> seized.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> that class="ok"> were class="ok"> taken class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> staff class="ok"> following class="ok"> the class="ok"> plane class="ok"> crash class="ok"> and class="ok"> sent class="ok"> to
France;
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> destroy class="ok"> documents class="ok"> and class="ok"> materials class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
embassy; class="ok"> and
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> embassy class="ok"> staff class="ok"> and class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> about
how class="ok"> to class="ok"> make class="ok"> sure class="ok"> information class="ok"> was class="ok"> not class="ok"> left class="ok"> behind class="ok"> that class="ok"> would class="ok"> incriminate class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> role.
10. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> and class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> remaining class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> after class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis
The class="ok"> French class="ok"> Parliamentary class="ok"> Commission’s class="ok"> Report class="ok"> on class="ok"> Military class="ok"> Operations class="ok"> Conducted class="ok"> by class="ok"> France class="ok"> and
Other class="ok"> Countries class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> notes class="ok"> that class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis, class="ok"> as class="ok"> originally
conceived, class="ok"> “could class="ok"> have class="ok"> developed class="ok"> into class="ok"> something class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> a class="ok"> simple class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> operation,”
but class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> that class="ok"> “this class="ok"> was class="ok"> not class="ok"> the class="ok"> case.” class="ok"> The class="ok"> report class="ok"> also class="ok"> indicates class="ok"> that, class="ok"> rather class="ok"> than class="ok"> simply
departing class="ok"> when class="ok"> it class="ok"> had class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> its class="ok"> evacuation class="ok"> efforts, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> force, class="ok"> which class="ok"> brought class="ok"> with class="ok"> it
multiple class="ok"> Milan class="ok"> anti-tank class="ok"> missiles, class="ok"> left class="ok"> behind class="ok"> 35 class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> under class="ok"> the class="ok"> command class="ok"> of class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col.
Jean-Jacques class="ok"> Maurin class="ok"> to class="ok"> gather class="ok"> information, class="ok"> propose class="ok"> appropriate class="ok"> action, class="ok"> and class="ok"> guide class="ok"> air class="ok"> support. class="ok"> At
least class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> was class="ok"> an class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> agent.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> conception class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis’ class="ok"> operational class="ok"> design class="ok"> –
including class="ok"> its class="ok"> mandate, class="ok"> command class="ok"> structure, class="ok"> personnel, class="ok"> rules class="ok"> of class="ok"> engagement, class="ok"> and class="ok"> equipment;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> leave class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> behind class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda
under class="ok"> the class="ok"> command class="ok"> of class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Maurin class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis’
evacuation class="ok"> mission;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> behavior, class="ok"> objective, class="ok"> and class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military
personnel class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> evacuations;
6

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> objective class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> air class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
military class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> spring class="ok"> and class="ok"> summer class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> the class="ok"> basis class="ok"> on class="ok"> which class="ok"> the class="ok"> Parlimentary class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> that
Opération class="ok"> Amaryllis class="ok"> could class="ok"> have class="ok"> evolved class="ok"> differently, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> based class="ok"> on
which class="ok"> it class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> the class="ok"> operation class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> develop class="ok"> into class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> a class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> mission.

11. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> UN class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> to class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> proposal class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> through class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> was
met class="ok"> with class="ok"> much class="ok"> skepticism class="ok"> and class="ok"> doubt class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNSC, class="ok"> ranging class="ok"> from class="ok"> ambivalence class="ok"> to class="ok"> open class="ok"> criticism.
Shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> operation class="ok"> was class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNSC, class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council’s class="ok"> five
permanent class="ok"> members class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> doubts class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> advisability class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> mission. class="ok"> The class="ok"> United
Kingdom’s class="ok"> UN class="ok"> representative, class="ok"> Sir class="ok"> David class="ok"> Hannay, class="ok"> told class="ok"> the class="ok"> New class="ok"> Zealand class="ok"> delegation class="ok"> privately class="ok"> that
the class="ok"> French class="ok"> proposal class="ok"> was class="ok"> “crazy.” class="ok"> US class="ok"> delegation class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> revealed class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> State
Department’s class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> Bureau class="ok"> judged class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> “a class="ok"> disastrous class="ok"> policy.” class="ok"> Canada’s class="ok"> UN
delegation class="ok"> informed class="ok"> France class="ok"> that class="ok"> their class="ok"> government class="ok"> was class="ok"> “absolutely class="ok"> opposed” class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> intervention.
UNSC class="ok"> member class="ok"> states class="ok"> opposed class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> variety class="ok"> of class="ok"> reasons. class="ok"> Some, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> US
delegation, class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> that class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> would class="ok"> slow class="ok"> momentum class="ok"> for class="ok"> country class="ok"> contributions
to class="ok"> UNAMIR, class="ok"> as class="ok"> countries class="ok"> would class="ok"> want class="ok"> to class="ok"> wait class="ok"> to class="ok"> see class="ok"> the class="ok"> outcome class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> plan class="ok"> before class="ok"> making
additional class="ok"> commitments. class="ok"> Others, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> Nigeria class="ok"> delegation class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN, class="ok"> feared class="ok"> that class="ok"> the
Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> would class="ok"> not class="ok"> be class="ok"> an class="ok"> impartial class="ok"> actor class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> given class="ok"> their class="ok"> links class="ok"> to class="ok"> and
historical class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime. class="ok"> Such class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> centered class="ok"> around class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of
France’s class="ok"> motives class="ok"> for class="ok"> intervention, class="ok"> with class="ok"> many class="ok"> fearing class="ok"> Paris class="ok"> was class="ok"> driven class="ok"> more class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> desire class="ok"> to class="ok"> rescue
and class="ok"> re-instate class="ok"> their class="ok"> allies class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> than class="ok"> provide class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> aid.
Regardless class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> motives class="ok"> behind class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> not class="ok"> lost class="ok"> on class="ok"> UNSC class="ok"> member class="ok"> states class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> likely
outcome class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> to class="ok"> slow class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> advances class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> benefit class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
Government class="ok"> Forces class="ok"> (“RGF”). class="ok"> Even class="ok"> French class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Jean-Bernard class="ok"> Mérimée
acknowledged class="ok"> privately class="ok"> on class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> inevitable class="ok"> outcome class="ok"> of class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> to
help class="ok"> the class="ok"> RGF. class="ok"> In class="ok"> a class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> State class="ok"> Department class="ok"> memorandum, class="ok"> USUN class="ok"> staffers class="ok"> noted class="ok"> that class="ok"> “Paris’
decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> establish class="ok"> a class="ok"> secure class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> zone class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> contested class="ok"> area class="ok"> of class="ok"> southwestern class="ok"> Rwanda
creates class="ok"> a class="ok"> de-facto class="ok"> interpositionary class="ok"> force” class="ok"> that class="ok"> would class="ok"> block class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> advance class="ok"> through class="ok"> Rwanda.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> or class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> UNSC class="ok"> member class="ok"> states
regarding class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> proposal class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> militarily class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> establish class="ok"> a class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian
Zone class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda;

7

•

•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> or class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> UNSC class="ok"> member class="ok"> states
regarding class="ok"> the class="ok"> conduct class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> or class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> policymakers
during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> or class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding
France’s class="ok"> proposal class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> militarily, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> establish class="ok"> a class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> in
Rwanda;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> or class="ok"> opposition class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> regarding
the class="ok"> conduct class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> or class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> policymakers class="ok"> during
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> sentiment class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> Amb. class="ok"> Mérimée class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> inevitable
outcome class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> the class="ok"> RGF.

12. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire’s class="ok"> concern class="ok"> about class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> as
expressed class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Kouchner
In class="ok"> his class="ok"> book, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> described class="ok"> his class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> Dr. class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Kouchner, class="ok"> a class="ok"> co-founder class="ok"> of
Médecins class="ok"> Sans class="ok"> Frontières, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> Accompanied class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> representative class="ok"> of class="ok"> President
Mitterrand’s class="ok"> crisis class="ok"> committee class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> acting class="ok"> as class="ok"> interlocutor class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France,
Dr. class="ok"> Kouchner class="ok"> stated class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> had class="ok"> decided class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> prepared class="ok"> to class="ok"> lead class="ok"> a class="ok"> coalition
into class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> deliver class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> aid. class="ok"> This class="ok"> coalition class="ok"> would class="ok"> come class="ok"> in
under class="ok"> a class="ok"> Chapter class="ok"> VII class="ok"> mandate class="ok"> and class="ok"> set class="ok"> up class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> western class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire
immediately class="ok"> said class="ok"> no class="ok"> in class="ok"> light class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> history class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> longstanding class="ok"> ties class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> architects class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> As class="ok"> far class="ok"> as class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> was class="ok"> concerned, class="ok"> the
French class="ok"> were class="ok"> “using class="ok"> a class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> cloak class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> thus class="ok"> enabling class="ok"> the class="ok"> RGF class="ok"> to class="ok"> hold
on class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> sliver class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> and class="ok"> retain class="ok"> a class="ok"> slice class="ok"> of class="ok"> legitimacy class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> face class="ok"> of class="ok"> certain class="ok"> defeat.” class="ok"> He class="ok"> went
on class="ok"> to class="ok"> say class="ok"> that class="ok"> “if class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> allies class="ok"> had class="ok"> actually class="ok"> wanted class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> prevent class="ok"> my
UNMOs class="ok"> from class="ok"> being class="ok"> killed class="ok"> and class="ok"> support class="ok"> the class="ok"> aims class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> mission—something class="ok"> France class="ok"> had class="ok"> voted
in class="ok"> favour class="ok"> of class="ok"> twice class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council—they class="ok"> could class="ok"> have class="ok"> reinforced class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> instead.” class="ok"> General
Dallaire class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> that class="ok"> Dr. class="ok"> Kouchner class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> other class="ok"> French class="ok"> representative class="ok"> “had class="ok"> come class="ok"> to class="ok"> see class="ok"> if class="ok"> I
would class="ok"> voluntarily class="ok"> agree class="ok"> to class="ok"> subordinate class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> force,” class="ok"> something class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> did class="ok"> not
do.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> identifying class="ok"> Dr. class="ok"> Kouchner’s class="ok"> role class="ok"> and class="ok"> any class="ok"> instructions class="ok"> given class="ok"> to class="ok"> him class="ok"> in
anticipation class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> conversation class="ok"> with class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> planning class="ok"> behind class="ok"> this class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> Chapter class="ok"> VII class="ok"> intervention;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> Dr. class="ok"> Kouchner’s class="ok"> report class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> with class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> Gen. class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French
intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994;
8

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994
would class="ok"> directly class="ok"> or class="ok"> indirectly class="ok"> compromise class="ok"> the class="ok"> safety class="ok"> or class="ok"> effectiveness class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994
would class="ok"> galvanize class="ok"> RGF class="ok"> and class="ok"> RGF-aligned class="ok"> groups class="ok"> to class="ok"> commit class="ok"> further class="ok"> acts class="ok"> of class="ok"> violence.

13. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise's class="ok"> impact class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> effectiveness class="ok"> and class="ok"> safety
of class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> forces
As class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> was class="ok"> being class="ok"> debated class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Counsel, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> feared class="ok"> for
its class="ok"> impact class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> effectiveness class="ok"> and class="ok"> safety class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> force. class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> expressed
concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> mere class="ok"> prospect class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> would class="ok"> galvanize class="ok"> militarized class="ok"> genocidal
elements class="ok"> across class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> and class="ok"> revitalize class="ok"> RGF class="ok"> forces class="ok"> which class="ok"> were class="ok"> perpetuating class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> Gen.
Dallaire class="ok"> also class="ok"> feared class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> UN-authorized class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> would class="ok"> spark class="ok"> retaliation class="ok"> against
UNAMIR class="ok"> by class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> forces class="ok"> because class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> pro-RGF class="ok"> bias class="ok"> would class="ok"> compromise class="ok"> the class="ok"> perceived
neutrality class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR. class="ok"> In class="ok"> addition, class="ok"> he class="ok"> noted, class="ok"> the class="ok"> promise class="ok"> of class="ok"> an class="ok"> imminent class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention
inspired class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> elements class="ok"> and class="ok"> gave class="ok"> hope class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> retreating class="ok"> RGF class="ok"> to class="ok"> continue class="ok"> fighting.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> by class="ok"> Gen. class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> French
intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994
would class="ok"> directly class="ok"> or class="ok"> indirectly class="ok"> compromise class="ok"> the class="ok"> safety class="ok"> or class="ok"> effectiveness class="ok"> of class="ok"> UNAMIR;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> concern class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994
would class="ok"> galvanize class="ok"> RGF class="ok"> and class="ok"> RGF-aligned class="ok"> groups class="ok"> to class="ok"> commit class="ok"> further class="ok"> acts class="ok"> of class="ok"> violence; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> of class="ok"> anti-UNAMIR class="ok"> hostility class="ok"> and class="ok"> harassment
immediately class="ok"> prompted class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> announcement class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> June
1994.

14. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> or class="ok"> communications class="ok"> between class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General
Boutros class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> and class="ok"> French class="ok"> Officials class="ok"> about class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> report class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Independent class="ok"> Inquiry class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> during
the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> lead-up class="ok"> to class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General
Boutros class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali, class="ok"> a class="ok"> personal class="ok"> friend class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> President class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> and class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for
facilitating class="ok"> his class="ok"> home class="ok"> country class="ok"> of class="ok"> Egypt’s class="ok"> entry class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Francophonie, class="ok"> weakened class="ok"> the class="ok"> mandate class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
UNAMIR class="ok"> peacekeeping class="ok"> force. class="ok"> Efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> reduce class="ok"> the class="ok"> strength class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> force class="ok"> ran class="ok"> directly
counter class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> recommendations class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> commander class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> ground, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> as class="ok"> he
desperately class="ok"> requested class="ok"> a class="ok"> strengthened class="ok"> force class="ok"> and class="ok"> mandate class="ok"> to class="ok"> keep class="ok"> the class="ok"> peace class="ok"> and class="ok"> stop class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide
in class="ok"> a class="ok"> series class="ok"> of class="ok"> cables class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> in class="ok"> New class="ok"> York. class="ok"> In class="ok"> his class="ok"> book class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> General
Dallaire class="ok"> describes class="ok"> how class="ok"> in class="ok"> December class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1993,
9

I’d class="ok"> sent class="ok"> directly class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> DPKO class="ok"> very class="ok"> detailed class="ok"> sitreps, class="ok"> special class="ok"> incident class="ok"> reports class="ok"> and
periodic class="ok"> political class="ok"> and class="ok"> military class="ok"> assessments. class="ok"> I’d class="ok"> done class="ok"> media class="ok"> interviews. class="ok"> I class="ok"> had
produced class="ok"> several class="ok"> comprehensive class="ok"> military class="ok"> and class="ok"> political class="ok"> analyses class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> situation,
with class="ok"> options class="ok"> and class="ok"> recommendations, class="ok"> which class="ok"> I class="ok"> had class="ok"> provided class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> SRSG class="ok"> for class="ok"> his
action. class="ok"> Rarely class="ok"> did class="ok"> I class="ok"> get class="ok"> any class="ok"> response. class="ok"> Who class="ok"> actually class="ok"> read class="ok"> this class="ok"> material class="ok"> in class="ok"> New class="ok"> York
and class="ok"> what class="ok"> did class="ok"> they class="ok"> do class="ok"> with class="ok"> it? class="ok"> Was class="ok"> the class="ok"> SRSG class="ok"> actually class="ok"> passing class="ok"> on class="ok"> everything class="ok"> I class="ok"> was
producing? class="ok"> ... class="ok"> How class="ok"> much class="ok"> of class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> getting class="ok"> through class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council, class="ok"> where
our class="ok"> mission class="ok"> mandate class="ok"> was class="ok"> being class="ok"> reviewed?
The class="ok"> Independent class="ok"> Inquiry class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Actions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> also class="ok"> found class="ok"> that class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> “could class="ok"> have class="ok"> done class="ok"> more class="ok"> to class="ok"> argue class="ok"> the class="ok"> case class="ok"> for class="ok"> reinforcement
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Council.” class="ok"> In class="ok"> his class="ok"> book, class="ok"> Eyewitness class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> Professor class="ok"> of class="ok"> International class="ok"> Affairs class="ok"> and
Political class="ok"> Science class="ok"> at class="ok"> George class="ok"> Washington class="ok"> University class="ok"> Michael class="ok"> Barnett class="ok"> puts class="ok"> it class="ok"> more class="ok"> strongly:
my class="ok"> cautious class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> is class="ok"> that class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> staff class="ok"> knew class="ok"> what class="ok"> they class="ok"> were
doing. class="ok"> Regardless class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> reasons class="ok"> for class="ok"> their class="ok"> silence, class="ok"> the class="ok"> effect class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> discredit class="ok"> the
cause class="ok"> of class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> reinforce class="ok"> those class="ok"> in class="ok"> favor class="ok"> of class="ok"> withdrawal. class="ok"> Passionate
pleas class="ok"> from class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> necessary class="ok"> if class="ok"> nonpermanent class="ok"> members
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> council class="ok"> who class="ok"> advocated class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> were class="ok"> to class="ok"> overcome class="ok"> the class="ok"> objections class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
powerful. class="ok"> No class="ok"> such class="ok"> words class="ok"> were class="ok"> ever class="ok"> delivered.
Later class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> book, class="ok"> Professor class="ok"> Barnett class="ok"> rightfully class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> his class="ok"> concern class="ok"> about class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali’s
failure class="ok"> to class="ok"> pass class="ok"> on class="ok"> information class="ok"> that class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> allowed class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> a
greater class="ok"> understanding class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> problems class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> No class="ok"> doubt class="ok"> that class="ok"> information class="ok"> would class="ok"> have
allowed class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> to class="ok"> understand class="ok"> the class="ok"> scope class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> problem class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Professor
Barnett class="ok"> noted:
Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> possessed class="ok"> information class="ok"> that class="ok"> illuminated class="ok"> the class="ok"> nature class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> crimes. class="ok"> He
had class="ok"> an class="ok"> obligation class="ok"> to class="ok"> transmit class="ok"> that class="ok"> information class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> but class="ok"> failed class="ok"> to
do class="ok"> so. class="ok"> Had class="ok"> he class="ok"> presented class="ok"> that class="ok"> information class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> compelling class="ok"> way, class="ok"> he class="ok"> might class="ok"> have
convinced class="ok"> the class="ok"> council class="ok"> to class="ok"> authorize class="ok"> an class="ok"> intervention. class="ok"> Had class="ok"> an class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> occurred,
it class="ok"> is class="ok"> possible class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocidaires class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> called class="ok"> off class="ok"> their class="ok"> master class="ok"> plan.
General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> details class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> book class="ok"> that class="ok"> “despite class="ok"> our class="ok"> verbal class="ok"> and class="ok"> written class="ok"> reports class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> worsening
scenario…reinforcement class="ok"> wasn’t class="ok"> being class="ok"> discussed class="ok"> in class="ok"> New class="ok"> York. class="ok"> Maurice class="ok"> [Baril] class="ok"> had class="ok"> made class="ok"> it class="ok"> clear
to class="ok"> me class="ok"> on class="ok"> several class="ok"> occasions class="ok"> that class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> was class="ok"> interested class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda…We class="ok"> had class="ok"> sent class="ok"> a class="ok"> deluge class="ok"> of class="ok"> paper
and class="ok"> received class="ok"> nothing class="ok"> in class="ok"> return; class="ok"> no class="ok"> supplies, class="ok"> no class="ok"> reinforcements, class="ok"> no class="ok"> decisions.” class="ok"> As class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide
began class="ok"> and class="ok"> intensified class="ok"> in class="ok"> April, class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> was class="ok"> out class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> for class="ok"> three
weeks class="ok"> in class="ok"> Europe, class="ok"> thereby class="ok"> posing class="ok"> a class="ok"> problem class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> timely class="ok"> flow class="ok"> of class="ok"> information class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> Secretary
General class="ok"> had class="ok"> decided class="ok"> that class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> brief class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> without class="ok"> his
approval. class="ok"> In class="ok"> contrast class="ok"> with class="ok"> his class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> limit class="ok"> UNAMIR’s class="ok"> initial class="ok"> size class="ok"> and class="ok"> later class="ok"> lackluster
performance class="ok"> in class="ok"> seeing class="ok"> it class="ok"> strengthened, class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> fully class="ok"> supported class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> “personally
10

intervened class="ok"> in class="ok"> support class="ok"> of class="ok"> an class="ok"> authorization class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise,” class="ok"> according class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN’s
independent class="ok"> inquiry class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN’s class="ok"> actions class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide.
Professor class="ok"> Barnett class="ok"> speaks class="ok"> of class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali’s class="ok"> close class="ok"> ties class="ok"> with class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> “there class="ok"> is class="ok"> some class="ok"> evidence
that class="ok"> France class="ok"> coached class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali’s class="ok"> presentations class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> council class="ok"> in class="ok"> order class="ok"> to class="ok"> elicit class="ok"> a class="ok"> verdict class="ok"> against
intervention.” class="ok"> Notably, class="ok"> after class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> failed class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> reinstated class="ok"> as class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1997,
“the class="ok"> French class="ok"> handed class="ok"> him class="ok"> a class="ok"> golden class="ok"> parachute class="ok"> as class="ok"> secretary-general class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Francophone, class="ok"> which class="ok"> only
increased class="ok"> the class="ok"> suspicion class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> forged class="ok"> an class="ok"> unholy class="ok"> alliance class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> month class="ok"> of
April class="ok"> [1994].”
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> showing class="ok"> France class="ok"> had class="ok"> repeated class="ok"> back-channel class="ok"> dealings class="ok"> with class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General
Boutros class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> seeking class="ok"> to class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF, class="ok"> to class="ok"> keep class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> from
being class="ok"> fully class="ok"> informed, class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> thereby class="ok"> provide class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> then class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Government;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> meetings, class="ok"> discussions, class="ok"> and class="ok"> communication class="ok"> between class="ok"> Secretary
General class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> and class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> with class="ok"> regard class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> authorization class="ok"> and class="ok"> start class="ok"> of
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> to class="ok"> withdraw class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> troops; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> to class="ok"> appoint class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General class="ok"> Boutros-Ghali class="ok"> as class="ok"> head class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> Francophonie class="ok"> after class="ok"> his class="ok"> time class="ok"> as class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> General.

15. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise’s class="ok"> contributing class="ok"> partners
When class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> was class="ok"> first class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> on class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials
emphasized class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> would class="ok"> not class="ok"> only class="ok"> include class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> but class="ok"> also class="ok"> troops class="ok"> from class="ok"> other
contributing class="ok"> nations, class="ok"> including class="ok"> at class="ok"> least class="ok"> one class="ok"> European class="ok"> power. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact, class="ok"> a class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> cable class="ok"> shows class="ok"> that
in class="ok"> a class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Permanent class="ok"> Five class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> on class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> June, class="ok"> French
Ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Jean-Bernard class="ok"> Mérimée class="ok"> insisted class="ok"> that class="ok"> finding class="ok"> a class="ok"> European class="ok"> partner class="ok"> to
contribute class="ok"> troops class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> mission class="ok"> was class="ok"> a class="ok"> necessary class="ok"> pre-condition class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> operation class="ok"> to
proceed. class="ok"> As class="ok"> international class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> about class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> mounted, class="ok"> and class="ok"> potential class="ok"> contributing class="ok"> nations
began class="ok"> to class="ok"> walk class="ok"> back class="ok"> initial class="ok"> pledges class="ok"> of class="ok"> support, class="ok"> France class="ok"> appears class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> shifted class="ok"> its class="ok"> tone. class="ok"> By class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> June
1994, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> decided class="ok"> to class="ok"> proceed class="ok"> with class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> despite class="ok"> the class="ok"> lack class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> single
European class="ok"> partner. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact, class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> were class="ok"> already class="ok"> landing class="ok"> in class="ok"> Goma class="ok"> on class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> June class="ok"> before class="ok"> the
UNSC class="ok"> had class="ok"> authorized class="ok"> the class="ok"> intervention.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> about class="ok"> soliciting class="ok"> troop
contributions class="ok"> from class="ok"> other class="ok"> countries class="ok"> for class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise;

11

•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> supporting class="ok"> or class="ok"> undercutting class="ok"> Amb. class="ok"> Mérimée’s class="ok"> assertion class="ok"> on class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> that
France class="ok"> would class="ok"> only class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> if class="ok"> it class="ok"> found class="ok"> a class="ok"> European class="ok"> partner class="ok"> to class="ok"> contribute class="ok"> troops
to class="ok"> the class="ok"> mission;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> deploy class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> to class="ok"> Goma class="ok"> prior class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UNSC
authorization class="ok"> for class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> offer class="ok"> or class="ok"> provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> assistance class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France
conditional class="ok"> upon class="ok"> another class="ok"> country’s class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> participate class="ok"> in class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise.

16. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> and class="ok"> units class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> used class="ok"> in class="ok"> Opération
Turquoise
Military class="ok"> experts, class="ok"> including class="ok"> UNAMIR class="ok"> officers, class="ok"> question class="ok"> why class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> mobilized
over class="ok"> 100 class="ok"> armored class="ok"> vehicles, class="ok"> 120mm class="ok"> artillery, class="ok"> anti-tank class="ok"> rocket class="ok"> launchers, class="ok"> Super class="ok"> Puma class="ok"> helicopters,
Jaguar class="ok"> fighter-bombers, class="ok"> and class="ok"> more class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> supposedly class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> mission. class="ok"> Given class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> majority
of class="ok"> killings class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> accomplished class="ok"> with class="ok"> machetes, class="ok"> it class="ok"> seems class="ok"> unlikely class="ok"> that class="ok"> anti-tank class="ok"> munitions class="ok"> or
other class="ok"> advanced class="ok"> military class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> necessary class="ok"> except class="ok"> to class="ok"> engage class="ok"> with class="ok"> hostile
military class="ok"> forces. class="ok"> When class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> arrived, class="ok"> they class="ok"> were class="ok"> greeted class="ok"> by class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> supporters class="ok"> with class="ok"> cries class="ok"> of
“Long class="ok"> live class="ok"> France, class="ok"> death class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF!”—a class="ok"> sentiment class="ok"> that class="ok"> could class="ok"> have class="ok"> hardly class="ok"> been class="ok"> surprising class="ok"> after
years class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> cooperation class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government. class="ok"> The class="ok"> most class="ok"> likely class="ok"> force
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> troops class="ok"> could class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> so class="ok"> extensively class="ok"> equipped class="ok"> to class="ok"> fight class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA, class="ok"> raising
questions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> true class="ok"> motive class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> operation.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> equipment class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> used class="ok"> in class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> and
the class="ok"> reasoning class="ok"> behind class="ok"> the class="ok"> provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> that class="ok"> equipment; class="ok"> and
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> possible class="ok"> armed class="ok"> engagement class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA, class="ok"> as class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération
Turquoise.
17. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> between class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> government
and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> avoidance class="ok"> of class="ok"> an class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> confrontation class="ok"> with class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that, class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> US class="ok"> diplomatic class="ok"> officials class="ok"> expressed class="ok"> concerns
about class="ok"> a class="ok"> potential class="ok"> shootout class="ok"> between class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> and class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces. class="ok"> At class="ok"> one class="ok"> point, class="ok"> a class="ok"> US class="ok"> State class="ok"> Department
official class="ok"> instructed class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> should class="ok"> avoid class="ok"> any class="ok"> confrontation class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> French,
stating: class="ok"> “do class="ok"> not class="ok"> shoot class="ok"> the class="ok"> white class="ok"> men” class="ok"> – class="ok"> meaning class="ok"> the class="ok"> French.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> government class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> government class="ok"> or
international class="ok"> body class="ok"> about class="ok"> a class="ok"> confrontation class="ok"> between class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> and class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> forces;
12

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> conversations class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> and class="ok"> US class="ok"> governments class="ok"> about
how class="ok"> to class="ok"> avoid class="ok"> a class="ok"> confrontation class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> US class="ok"> State class="ok"> Department class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> insistence class="ok"> to class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> that
the class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> not class="ok"> “shoot class="ok"> the class="ok"> white class="ok"> men” class="ok"> in class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise.

18. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> US class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> embedded class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> military class="ok"> in
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
In class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> three class="ok"> US class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Attachés class="ok"> arrived class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Zaire-Rwanda class="ok"> border class="ok"> to class="ok"> gather class="ok"> intelligence
and class="ok"> assess class="ok"> the class="ok"> regional class="ok"> security class="ok"> environment class="ok"> in class="ok"> advance class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> operation. class="ok"> One class="ok"> attaché,
Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> James class="ok"> Babbitt, class="ok"> spent class="ok"> time class="ok"> embedded class="ok"> with class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> forces class="ok"> in class="ok"> Goma, class="ok"> Bukavu,
and class="ok"> later class="ok"> Cyangugu class="ok"> – class="ok"> where class="ok"> he class="ok"> observed class="ok"> and class="ok"> reported class="ok"> on class="ok"> French class="ok"> operations. class="ok"> Evidence class="ok"> suggests
that, class="ok"> during class="ok"> his class="ok"> stay class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> operation class="ok"> camp class="ok"> in class="ok"> Cyangugu, class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Babbitt class="ok"> saw class="ok"> indications
that class="ok"> French class="ok"> forces class="ok"> were class="ok"> rearming class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> gendarmes class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> vanquished class="ok"> RGF class="ok"> elements.
Evidence class="ok"> also class="ok"> indicates class="ok"> that class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Babbitt class="ok"> reported class="ok"> his class="ok"> observations class="ok"> to class="ok"> his class="ok"> counterpart, class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col.
Jean-Luc class="ok"> Nash, class="ok"> in class="ok"> Goma class="ok"> using class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> satellite class="ok"> phone. class="ok"> There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> military
was class="ok"> monitoring class="ok"> this class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> activities class="ok"> and class="ok"> communications class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attachés. class="ok"> Soon
afterwards, class="ok"> a class="ok"> senior class="ok"> French class="ok"> official class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Cyangugu class="ok"> base class="ok"> presented class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Babbitt class="ok"> with class="ok"> a
“persona class="ok"> non class="ok"> grata” class="ok"> (PNG) class="ok"> notice, class="ok"> demanding class="ok"> his class="ok"> immediate class="ok"> departure class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> Opération
Turquoise class="ok"> Zone. class="ok"> Afterwards, class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Attaché class="ok"> leading class="ok"> the class="ok"> initiative, class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Thomas
Odom, class="ok"> elected class="ok"> not class="ok"> to class="ok"> fill class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Babbitt’s class="ok"> posting, class="ok"> reasoning class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> unlikely
to class="ok"> allow class="ok"> another class="ok"> American class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> Zone.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> James class="ok"> Babbitt, class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Thomas class="ok"> Odom, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> Lt.
Col. class="ok"> Jean-Luc class="ok"> Nash, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> PNG class="ok"> order class="ok"> for class="ok"> Lt. class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Babbitt class="ok"> and class="ok"> any class="ok"> associated
documents;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> presence class="ok"> of class="ok"> defense class="ok"> attachés class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> agents class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> Zone, class="ok"> including class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> over class="ok"> whether class="ok"> to
permit class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> how class="ok"> to class="ok"> interact class="ok"> with class="ok"> such class="ok"> agents;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> monitoring class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> communications class="ok"> or class="ok"> activities class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> defense
attachés; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> confiscation, class="ok"> disposal, class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> redistribution class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> in
the class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> Zone, class="ok"> including class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> rearm class="ok"> Rwandans
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> zone.

19. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> disarm class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian
Zone
13

There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> while class="ok"> some class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> had class="ok"> their class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> confiscated, class="ok"> many class="ok"> ex-FAR class="ok"> and
Interahamwe class="ok"> militia class="ok"> members, class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> themselves, class="ok"> were class="ok"> permitted class="ok"> to, class="ok"> and class="ok"> did,
retain class="ok"> their class="ok"> arms class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone class="ok"> established class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
forces.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> policies class="ok"> or class="ok"> rules class="ok"> governing class="ok"> whether class="ok"> or class="ok"> how class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> troops
disarmed class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> soldiers, class="ok"> militia class="ok"> members, class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> entering class="ok"> or class="ok"> found
within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone;
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> indicating class="ok"> the class="ok"> methods class="ok"> by class="ok"> which class="ok"> arms class="ok"> were class="ok"> removed class="ok"> from class="ok"> those class="ok"> entering
or class="ok"> found class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone;
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> safekeeping, class="ok"> disposal, class="ok"> or class="ok"> distribution class="ok"> of class="ok"> weapons
confiscated class="ok"> from class="ok"> individuals class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone; class="ok"> and
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> ex-FAR class="ok"> and class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> militia class="ok"> members class="ok"> rearming class="ok"> themselves
within class="ok"> the class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone.
20. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> or class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> requests class="ok"> for class="ok"> ammunition class="ok"> or class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> from class="ok"> the
Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> spring class="ok"> and class="ok"> summer class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> agents class="ok"> met class="ok"> with class="ok"> French
officials class="ok"> seeking class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> and class="ok"> ammunition. class="ok"> For class="ok"> example, class="ok"> on class="ok"> 24 class="ok"> June, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Jacques class="ok"> Rosier class="ok"> met
at class="ok"> a class="ok"> “discreet” class="ok"> location class="ok"> with class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> Augustin class="ok"> Bizimana, class="ok"> who class="ok"> requested
105mm class="ok"> artillery, class="ok"> and class="ok"> later class="ok"> that class="ok"> month class="ok"> General class="ok"> Jean-Claude class="ok"> Lafourcade class="ok"> met class="ok"> with class="ok"> General class="ok"> Augustin
Bizimungu, class="ok"> the class="ok"> chief class="ok"> of class="ok"> staff class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> army class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> who class="ok"> also class="ok"> asserted class="ok"> that
“without class="ok"> ammunition, class="ok"> defeat class="ok"> was class="ok"> unavoidable.” class="ok"> Given class="ok"> the class="ok"> apparently class="ok"> dire class="ok"> nature class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> situation,
it class="ok"> is class="ok"> likely class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Interim class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Government class="ok"> (“IRG”) class="ok"> and class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> personnel class="ok"> continued class="ok"> to class="ok"> make
similar class="ok"> requests class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> weeks class="ok"> that class="ok"> followed. class="ok"> New class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> role class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials class="ok"> in
arming class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> during class="ok"> and class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> continue class="ok"> to class="ok"> this class="ok"> day.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> from class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 21 class="ok"> August class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> provision class="ok"> of class="ok"> arms class="ok"> or
ammunition class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> RGF, class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> requests class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> such
arms class="ok"> or class="ok"> ammunition; class="ok"> and
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> to class="ok"> purchase class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> following
the class="ok"> commencement class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide.
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> into class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government,
directly class="ok"> or class="ok"> through class="ok"> interlocutors, class="ok"> armed class="ok"> the class="ok"> IRG/FAR, class="ok"> including class="ok"> accusation class="ok"> made class="ok"> by
former class="ok"> French class="ok"> officer, class="ok"> Guillaume class="ok"> Ancel, class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> book class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> la class="ok"> fin class="ok"> du class="ok"> silence class="ok"> Témoignage class="ok"> d’un class="ok"> officier class="ok"> français, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Walfroy class="ok"> Dauchy, class="ok"> French class="ok"> Red class="ok"> Cross class="ok"> worker, class="ok"> whose
14

allegation class="ok"> were class="ok"> published class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> 2019 class="ok"> interview class="ok"> by class="ok"> Benoît class="ok"> Collombat class="ok"> - class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> Cell class="ok"> of
Radio class="ok"> France.
21. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Didier class="ok"> Tauzin class="ok"> returning class="ok"> to class="ok"> France class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération
Turquoise
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Tauzin, class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1st class="ok"> Marine class="ok"> Infantry class="ok"> Parachute class="ok"> Regiment, class="ok"> was class="ok"> sent
home class="ok"> to class="ok"> France class="ok"> on class="ok"> 5 class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> middle class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> because class="ok"> of class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> that class="ok"> he
was class="ok"> becoming class="ok"> overly class="ok"> aggressive class="ok"> towards class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA. class="ok"> Sources class="ok"> also class="ok"> suggest class="ok"> that class="ok"> this class="ok"> hostility class="ok"> towards
the class="ok"> RPA class="ok"> may class="ok"> not class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> unusual class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> officers class="ok"> sent class="ok"> as class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> given class="ok"> that
many class="ok"> had class="ok"> strong class="ok"> ties class="ok"> with class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> after class="ok"> training class="ok"> them class="ok"> during class="ok"> previous class="ok"> military
engagements class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Tauzin class="ok"> himself class="ok"> had class="ok"> previously class="ok"> worked class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
government class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Chimère, class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> secret class="ok"> effort class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> drive class="ok"> back class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA
following class="ok"> the class="ok"> breakdown class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1992 class="ok"> ceasefire. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Parliamentary
Commission’s class="ok"> report, class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Chimère, class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Tauzin class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> de class="ok"> facto class="ok"> commander class="ok"> of
Rwanda’s class="ok"> armed class="ok"> forces.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•
•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> and class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> to class="ok"> withdraw class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Tauzin class="ok"> from
Opération class="ok"> Turquoise;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> any class="ok"> disciplining class="ok"> of class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Tauzin class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> military;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> discussions class="ok"> and class="ok"> decisions class="ok"> to class="ok"> staff class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> with
officers class="ok"> or class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> with class="ok"> previous class="ok"> experience class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> potential class="ok"> bias class="ok"> in class="ok"> favor class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
RGF; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> concerns class="ok"> that class="ok"> other class="ok"> military class="ok"> personnel, class="ok"> like class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Tauzin, class="ok"> were
becoming class="ok"> overly class="ok"> aggressive class="ok"> towards class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA.

22. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> mission class="ok"> reports class="ok"> and class="ok"> assessments class="ok"> from class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
Describing class="ok"> the class="ok"> effects class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise, class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> asserts class="ok"> that class="ok"> for class="ok"> every class="ok"> life class="ok"> saved,
the class="ok"> operation class="ok"> may class="ok"> have class="ok"> cost class="ok"> another class="ok"> because class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> resurgence class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> génocidaires,
emboldened class="ok"> by class="ok"> what class="ok"> they class="ok"> thought class="ok"> was class="ok"> French class="ok"> support class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA, class="ok"> redoubled class="ok"> their class="ok"> efforts. class="ok"> In
contrast, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> France class="ok"> promoted class="ok"> only class="ok"> that class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> had class="ok"> saved class="ok"> thousands
of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> lives, class="ok"> without class="ok"> acknowledging class="ok"> its class="ok"> problematic class="ok"> impact.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> identifying class="ok"> the class="ok"> outcomes class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> in class="ok"> terms class="ok"> of class="ok"> lives class="ok"> saved class="ok"> or
aid class="ok"> rendered; class="ok"> and
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> discussing class="ok"> any class="ok"> risk class="ok"> of class="ok"> negative class="ok"> outcomes class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise; class="ok"> and
15

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> any class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> to class="ok"> understand class="ok"> what
occured class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> discovery class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> taking class="ok"> refuge class="ok"> in class="ok"> Bisesero class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops,
their class="ok"> subsequent class="ok"> abandonment, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> rescue class="ok"> the class="ok"> few class="ok"> surviving class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> at
Bisesero class="ok"> in class="ok"> late class="ok"> June class="ok"> 1994.

23. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> impact class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> on class="ok"> regional class="ok"> stability
Records class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> agency class="ok"> Direction class="ok"> du class="ok"> Renseignement class="ok"> Militaire class="ok"> (DRM)
reveal class="ok"> that class="ok"> many class="ok"> French class="ok"> cabinet class="ok"> officials class="ok"> believed class="ok"> that class="ok"> génocidaires class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> the class="ok"> “direct
beneficiaries class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Humanitarian class="ok"> Zone,” class="ok"> were class="ok"> it class="ok"> created. class="ok"> Indeed,
commentators class="ok"> have class="ok"> noted class="ok"> that, class="ok"> by class="ok"> providing class="ok"> a class="ok"> clear class="ok"> pathway class="ok"> to class="ok"> Zaire class="ok"> for class="ok"> Interahamwe class="ok"> and
other class="ok"> extremist class="ok"> militias, class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> contributed class="ok"> to class="ok"> instability class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Great class="ok"> Lakes
region class="ok"> and class="ok"> helped class="ok"> create class="ok"> the class="ok"> conditions class="ok"> for class="ok"> years class="ok"> of class="ok"> continued class="ok"> conflict class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> ex-FAR
and class="ok"> the class="ok"> newly class="ok"> installed class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government. class="ok"> For class="ok"> example, class="ok"> Ambassador class="ok"> Stephen class="ok"> Lewis,
co-author class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 2000 class="ok"> OAU class="ok"> report class="ok"> Rwanda: class="ok"> A class="ok"> Preventable class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> spoke class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
foreseeable class="ok"> nature class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> consequences class="ok"> of class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise:
The class="ok"> consequences class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> policy class="ok"> can class="ok"> hardly class="ok"> be class="ok"> overestimated. class="ok"> The class="ok"> escape class="ok"> of
génocidaire class="ok"> leaders class="ok"> into class="ok"> Zaire class="ok"> led, class="ok"> almost class="ok"> inevitably, class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> new, class="ok"> more class="ok"> complex class="ok"> stage
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> tragedy, class="ok"> expanding class="ok"> it class="ok"> into class="ok"> a class="ok"> conflict class="ok"> that class="ok"> soon class="ok"> engulfed class="ok"> all class="ok"> of class="ok"> central
Africa. class="ok"> That class="ok"> the class="ok"> entire class="ok"> Great class="ok"> Lakes class="ok"> Region class="ok"> would class="ok"> suffer class="ok"> destabilization class="ok"> was class="ok"> both
tragic class="ok"> and, class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> significant class="ok"> extent, class="ok"> foreseeable.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> awareness class="ok"> prior class="ok"> to class="ok"> or class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération
Turquoise class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Zones class="ok"> would class="ok"> provide class="ok"> retreating class="ok"> militia class="ok"> groups
an class="ok"> opportunity class="ok"> for class="ok"> safe class="ok"> and class="ok"> armed class="ok"> retreat;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> that class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise class="ok"> would class="ok"> contribute class="ok"> – class="ok"> or,
indeed, class="ok"> did class="ok"> contribute class="ok"> – class="ok"> to class="ok"> destabilization class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Great class="ok"> Lakes class="ok"> region class="ok"> by class="ok"> providing class="ok"> a class="ok"> pathway
for class="ok"> militarized class="ok"> groups class="ok"> to class="ok"> retreat class="ok"> to class="ok"> Zaire class="ok"> or class="ok"> in class="ok"> any class="ok"> other class="ok"> ways class="ok"> escape class="ok"> to class="ok"> fight class="ok"> another class="ok"> day;
and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> relating class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> minimize class="ok"> the class="ok"> degree class="ok"> to class="ok"> which
Turquoise class="ok"> Safe class="ok"> Zones class="ok"> provided class="ok"> cover class="ok"> for class="ok"> retreating class="ok"> militias, class="ok"> including class="ok"> by class="ok"> disarming
combatants.

24. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> reports class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> raping class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> women class="ok"> and class="ok"> girls
Some class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> women class="ok"> have class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> in class="ok"> interviews class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> with class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise
had class="ok"> raped class="ok"> or class="ok"> sexually class="ok"> assaulted class="ok"> them. class="ok"> Similar class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> were class="ok"> also class="ok"> present class="ok"> in class="ok"> testimony class="ok"> given class="ok"> by
Rwandan class="ok"> women class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> commission class="ok"> established class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> to class="ok"> examine class="ok"> French
16

conduct class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> Several class="ok"> interviewees class="ok"> also class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> that class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> would class="ok"> offer class="ok"> food
to class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> women class="ok"> and class="ok"> girls class="ok"> in class="ok"> exchange class="ok"> for class="ok"> sex.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> of class="ok"> potentially class="ok"> criminal class="ok"> behavior class="ok"> of class="ok"> French class="ok"> troops class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> before class="ok"> and class="ok"> during class="ok"> Opération class="ok"> Turquoise; class="ok"> and
• class="ok"> All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> French class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> involved class="ok"> in class="ok"> rape class="ok"> or class="ok"> prostitution class="ok"> or class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> of
such class="ok"> conduct.
25. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> travel class="ok"> to class="ok"> China class="ok"> and class="ok"> elsewhere class="ok"> to class="ok"> seek
arms class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> money class="ok"> for class="ok"> arms class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> used class="ok"> against
After class="ok"> her class="ok"> arrival class="ok"> in class="ok"> France, class="ok"> Madame class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> continued class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> actively class="ok"> involved class="ok"> in class="ok"> trying class="ok"> to
undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> new class="ok"> GOR. class="ok"> In class="ok"> particular class="ok"> she class="ok"> was class="ok"> trying class="ok"> to class="ok"> locate class="ok"> funds class="ok"> for class="ok"> arms class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> arms
themselves. class="ok"> According class="ok"> to class="ok"> one class="ok"> report, class="ok"> she class="ok"> travelled class="ok"> to class="ok"> China class="ok"> in class="ok"> October, class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> along class="ok"> with class="ok"> President
Mobutu class="ok"> Sese class="ok"> Seko class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Democratic class="ok"> Republic class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Congo class="ok"> to class="ok"> secure class="ok"> weapons class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> used class="ok"> in class="ok"> the
fight class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPA. class="ok"> Afterwards, class="ok"> she class="ok"> visited class="ok"> Gabon, class="ok"> Zaire, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kenya class="ok"> and class="ok"> continued class="ok"> to class="ok"> seek
weapons class="ok"> to class="ok"> use class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> new class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government. class="ok"> France class="ok"> was class="ok"> aware class="ok"> of class="ok"> her class="ok"> travel class="ok"> and class="ok"> her
goals class="ok"> and class="ok"> knew class="ok"> that class="ok"> her class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> was class="ok"> to class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> new class="ok"> government class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali. class="ok"> Nonetheless,
France class="ok"> continued class="ok"> to class="ok"> provide class="ok"> her class="ok"> shelter class="ok"> and class="ok"> protection, class="ok"> which class="ok"> continues class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> present.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> Agathe class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> travel class="ok"> to class="ok"> China class="ok"> and class="ok"> other
countries class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> of class="ok"> securing class="ok"> arms class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> used class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> new class="ok"> Rwandan
government;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> Madame class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> continued class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> in
contact class="ok"> with class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> ex-FAR class="ok"> in class="ok"> order class="ok"> to class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> GOR;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> determine class="ok"> whether class="ok"> Madame class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> or class="ok"> members
of class="ok"> her class="ok"> family class="ok"> should class="ok"> be class="ok"> arrested class="ok"> for class="ok"> their class="ok"> roles class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> Madame class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> her class="ok"> family
committed class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> bank class="ok"> accounts class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> sources class="ok"> of class="ok"> funds class="ok"> held class="ok"> directly class="ok"> or class="ok"> on
behalf class="ok"> of class="ok"> Madame class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> family.

26. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Félicien class="ok"> Kabuga’s class="ok"> residence class="ok"> in class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to
prosecute
Félicien class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> is class="ok"> alleged class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> the class="ok"> “financier class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> Genocide.” class="ok"> He class="ok"> had class="ok"> many class="ok"> close class="ok"> ties class="ok"> to
the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> regime, class="ok"> with class="ok"> several class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> relatives class="ok"> being class="ok"> married class="ok"> to class="ok"> key class="ok"> figures, class="ok"> including
17

President class="ok"> Habyarimana’s class="ok"> son. class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> allegedly class="ok"> played class="ok"> large class="ok"> roles class="ok"> in class="ok"> radicalizing class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan
regime class="ok"> and class="ok"> embezzling class="ok"> public class="ok"> funds class="ok"> in class="ok"> preparation class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> including class="ok"> arrangements class="ok"> for
the class="ok"> importation class="ok"> of class="ok"> machetes class="ok"> through class="ok"> Kenya. class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> created class="ok"> the class="ok"> National class="ok"> Defense class="ok"> Fund, class="ok"> which,
along class="ok"> with class="ok"> other class="ok"> state class="ok"> accounts, class="ok"> would class="ok"> help class="ok"> fund class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> He class="ok"> also class="ok"> helped class="ok"> found class="ok"> and class="ok"> manage
the class="ok"> Radio-télévision class="ok"> libre class="ok"> des class="ok"> Mille class="ok"> Collines class="ok"> (“RTLM”), class="ok"> a class="ok"> state-sponsored class="ok"> hate class="ok"> radio class="ok"> station class="ok"> that
helped class="ok"> precipitate class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> by class="ok"> spreading class="ok"> anti-Tutsi class="ok"> propaganda. class="ok"> He class="ok"> allegedly class="ok"> continued class="ok"> to
pursue class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> ambitions class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> former class="ok"> regime class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> 2000’s, class="ok"> organizing class="ok"> logistics class="ok"> for
génocidaires class="ok"> to class="ok"> further class="ok"> their class="ok"> aims. class="ok"> Until class="ok"> his class="ok"> arrest class="ok"> in class="ok"> France class="ok"> on class="ok"> 16 class="ok"> May class="ok"> 2020, class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> had class="ok"> remained
at class="ok"> large class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> evacuation class="ok"> of class="ok"> 12 class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> family class="ok"> members class="ok"> from class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> embassy.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•
•

•

•
•

•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> Kabuga’s class="ok"> travel class="ok"> to class="ok"> France, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
Embassy class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> to class="ok"> evacuate class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kabuga’s class="ok"> family class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> city class="ok"> in class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> pertaining class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> or
evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> had class="ok"> committed class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> before class="ok"> his class="ok"> arrival
in class="ok"> France;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> investigate, class="ok"> search class="ok"> for, class="ok"> apprehend, class="ok"> or class="ok"> otherwise class="ok"> assist
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> prosecution class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kabuga, class="ok"> including class="ok"> documents class="ok"> pertaining class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> official’s
knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kabuga’s class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> France;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> between class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> (or class="ok"> individuals class="ok"> acting class="ok"> on class="ok"> his class="ok"> behalf)
and class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> identifying class="ok"> the class="ok"> circumstances class="ok"> around class="ok"> Fabien class="ok"> Singaye, class="ok"> a class="ok"> noted class="ok"> member class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> pre-Genocide class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Government’s class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> services class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kabuga’s class="ok"> son-in-law,
being class="ok"> hired class="ok"> by class="ok"> Judge class="ok"> Bruguière class="ok"> as class="ok"> an class="ok"> interpreter class="ok"> and class="ok"> investigator; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> bank class="ok"> accounts class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> sources class="ok"> of class="ok"> funds class="ok"> held class="ok"> directly class="ok"> or class="ok"> on
behalf class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> family.

27. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo’s class="ok"> residence class="ok"> in class="ok"> France class="ok"> and class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to
prosecute
As class="ok"> the class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo class="ok"> was class="ok"> among class="ok"> those class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> laying
out class="ok"> a class="ok"> plan class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> intention class="ok"> of class="ok"> exterminating class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi, class="ok"> eliminating class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> political
opposition, class="ok"> and class="ok"> maintaining class="ok"> power class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> then class="ok"> regime class="ok"> from class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> During class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide
itself, class="ok"> Mr. class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo class="ok"> was class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> updating class="ok"> the class="ok"> lists class="ok"> of class="ok"> people class="ok"> identified class="ok"> as class="ok"> enemies class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> regime, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi, class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> people class="ok"> who class="ok"> would class="ok"> aid class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> Because class="ok"> of class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> French
journal class="ok"> Mediapart, class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> recently class="ok"> discovered class="ok"> living class="ok"> in class="ok"> France.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:

18

•
•

•
•
•

•
•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> concerning class="ok"> Ntiwirabago’s class="ok"> travel class="ok"> to class="ok"> France, class="ok"> including class="ok"> any class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related
to class="ok"> his class="ok"> visa class="ok"> application class="ok"> or class="ok"> immigration class="ok"> status;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> pertaining class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> allegations class="ok"> or
evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> Ntiwirabago class="ok"> had class="ok"> committed class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> before class="ok"> his
arrival class="ok"> in class="ok"> France;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> government class="ok"> officials’ class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo’s
presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> France;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo’s class="ok"> subsequent class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> founding class="ok"> and class="ok"> maintaining class="ok"> the
Democratic class="ok"> Forces class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Liberation class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> Government’s class="ok"> efforts class="ok"> to class="ok"> investigate, class="ok"> search class="ok"> for,
apprehend, class="ok"> or class="ok"> otherwise class="ok"> cooperate class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> prosecution class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo class="ok"> after class="ok"> indictments
were class="ok"> filed class="ok"> against class="ok"> him class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1998;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo’s class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> leading class="ok"> a class="ok"> terrorist class="ok"> group class="ok"> based class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rouen;
and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> activities class="ok"> of class="ok"> Jean-de-Dieu class="ok"> Ngabonziza, class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo's
brother-in-law, class="ok"> with class="ok"> respect class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> group class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rouen; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> any class="ok"> bank class="ok"> accounts class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> sources class="ok"> of class="ok"> funds class="ok"> held class="ok"> directly class="ok"> or class="ok"> on
behalf class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ntwiragabo class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ntiwiragabo class="ok"> family.

28. class="ok"> Documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> or class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> who class="ok"> have
been class="ok"> seeking class="ok"> to class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> incumbent class="ok"> government
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> that class="ok"> Félicien class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> former class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> regime class="ok"> have
participated class="ok"> or class="ok"> are class="ok"> continuing class="ok"> to class="ok"> participate class="ok"> actively class="ok"> in class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> current class="ok"> Rwandan
government, class="ok"> using class="ok"> resources class="ok"> and class="ok"> shelter class="ok"> provided class="ok"> by class="ok"> host class="ok"> third class="ok"> countries class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> shield class="ok"> for class="ok"> recruitment
and class="ok"> subversion class="ok"> operations. class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> and class="ok"> others class="ok"> have class="ok"> had class="ok"> a class="ok"> regular class="ok"> and class="ok"> continuing class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in
France class="ok"> during class="ok"> this class="ok"> time, class="ok"> and class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> activities class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> known class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> officials.
The class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> requests:
•

•
•

All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> France’s class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> regarding class="ok"> activity class="ok"> or class="ok"> proposed class="ok"> activity
against class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> by class="ok"> former class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> and/or class="ok"> IRG class="ok"> regime class="ok"> elements
in class="ok"> France class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> host class="ok"> countries;
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> related class="ok"> to class="ok"> French class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> to class="ok"> investigate, class="ok"> uncover, class="ok"> or class="ok"> prevent class="ok"> such class="ok"> actions
undertaken class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda; class="ok"> and
All class="ok"> documents class="ok"> reflecting class="ok"> meetings, class="ok"> conversations, class="ok"> or class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> gathering class="ok"> about class="ok"> Madame
Habyarimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> her class="ok"> family, class="ok"> Félicien class="ok"> Kabuga class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> family, class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> former class="ok"> Rwandan
Government class="ok"> officials class="ok"> living class="ok"> in class="ok"> France.

19

APPENDIX class="ok"> E

Yael class="ok"> Danieli, class="ok"> Ph.D.
Clinical class="ok"> Psychologist, class="ok"> Traumatologist class="ok"> and class="ok"> Victimologist
Director, class="ok"> Group class="ok"> Project class="ok"> for class="ok"> Holocaust class="ok"> Survivors class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> Children
345 class="ok"> East class="ok"> 80th class="ok"> Street class="ok"> (31-J)
New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> N.Y. class="ok"> 10075 class="ok"> U.S.A.
Tel. class="ok"> +1(212)737-8524 class="ok"> Cell class="ok"> +1(917)880-7444 class="ok"> Email: class="ok"> yaeld@aol.com

Introduction:
Having class="ok"> cofounded class="ok"> the class="ok"> first class="ok"> program class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> Nazi class="ok"> Holocaust class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> children, class="ok"> and
participated class="ok"> in class="ok"> creating class="ok"> the class="ok"> body class="ok"> of class="ok"> knowledge class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> long-term class="ok"> and class="ok"> multigenerational
legacies class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Holocaust class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> aftermath class="ok"> upon class="ok"> them class="ok"> and class="ok"> others, class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> often class="ok"> been class="ok"> invited class="ok"> by
other class="ok"> populations class="ok"> that class="ok"> have class="ok"> suffered class="ok"> atrocity class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> their class="ok"> victim/survivors class="ok"> emerge class="ok"> from
their class="ok"> own class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> catastrophes, class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> being class="ok"> one. class="ok"> Ibuka, class="ok"> the class="ok"> umbrella class="ok"> organization class="ok"> of
survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> there, class="ok"> specifically class="ok"> asked class="ok"> me class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> bring
Holocaust class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> genocides’ class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kigali, class="ok"> to class="ok"> help class="ok"> them class="ok"> learn class="ok"> “how class="ok"> to class="ok"> live class="ok"> after class="ok"> death.”
That class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> was class="ok"> held class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> November class="ok"> of class="ok"> 2001. class="ok"> I class="ok"> did class="ok"> attend class="ok"> prior class="ok"> and class="ok"> subsequent
expert class="ok"> meetings class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> kept class="ok"> abreast class="ok"> as class="ok"> best class="ok"> I class="ok"> could class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> wellbeing class="ok"> of class="ok"> the
victim/survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> children. class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> maintained class="ok"> ongoing
relationships class="ok"> with class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> persons.
To class="ok"> prepare class="ok"> my class="ok"> present class="ok"> opinion, class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> also class="ok"> reviewed class="ok"> recent class="ok"> statements class="ok"> of class="ok"> three class="ok"> victims class="ok"> of
Murambi; class="ok"> eight class="ok"> victims, class="ok"> one class="ok"> rescuer class="ok"> and class="ok"> one class="ok"> genocidaire class="ok"> who class="ok"> served class="ok"> his class="ok"> 20-year class="ok"> sentence, class="ok"> from
Kabuye class="ok"> Hill; class="ok"> and class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> Hassan class="ok"> Ngeze’s class="ok"> victims. class="ok"> All class="ok"> statements class="ok"> were class="ok"> translated class="ok"> from
Kinyarwanda class="ok"> into class="ok"> English class="ok"> and class="ok"> provided class="ok"> to class="ok"> me class="ok"> by class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda.
To class="ok"> augment class="ok"> my class="ok"> impressions class="ok"> from class="ok"> these, class="ok"> I class="ok"> was class="ok"> in class="ok"> contact class="ok"> with class="ok"> additional class="ok"> seven class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> residing
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States, class="ok"> Canada class="ok"> and class="ok"> Belgium class="ok"> -- class="ok"> all class="ok"> having class="ok"> lost class="ok"> the class="ok"> bulk class="ok"> of class="ok"> or class="ok"> all class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> their
immediate class="ok"> families class="ok"> and class="ok"> countless class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> extended class="ok"> families class="ok"> and class="ok"> communities.
On class="ok"> May class="ok"> 27, class="ok"> 2018, class="ok"> I class="ok"> also class="ok"> conducted class="ok"> a class="ok"> Google class="ok"> Scholar class="ok"> literature class="ok"> search, class="ok"> using class="ok"> “Rwanda class="ok"> genocide
survivors, class="ok"> health” class="ok"> as class="ok"> key class="ok"> words. class="ok"> The class="ok"> search class="ok"> yielded class="ok"> “about class="ok"> 19,600” class="ok"> articles. class="ok"> The class="ok"> two class="ok"> articles
below class="ok"> are class="ok"> sound class="ok"> representatives class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> ubiquitous class="ok"> findings class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> field class="ok"> of class="ok"> trauma class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> effects
and/or class="ok"> legacies class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> on class="ok"> its class="ok"> victim/survivors. class="ok"> They class="ok"> concur class="ok"> with class="ok"> findings class="ok"> about class="ok"> the
1

effects class="ok"> or class="ok"> legacies class="ok"> of class="ok"> massive class="ok"> psychic class="ok"> trauma class="ok"> on class="ok"> populations class="ok"> who class="ok"> have class="ok"> underdone class="ok"> other class="ok"> atrocity
crimes. class="ok"> Naasson class="ok"> Munyandamutsa, class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Mahoro class="ok"> Nkubamugisha, class="ok"> Marianne class="ok"> Gex-Fabry class="ok"> &
Ariel class="ok"> Eytan class="ok"> (2012) class="ok"> conclude class="ok"> their class="ok"> article class="ok"> [on class="ok"> the class="ok"> mental class="ok"> and class="ok"> physical class="ok"> health class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> years
after class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide,] class="ok"> reporting class="ok"> that class="ok"> “PTSD1 class="ok"> remains class="ok"> a class="ok"> significant class="ok"> public class="ok"> health class="ok"> problem class="ok"> in
Rwanda class="ok"> 14 class="ok"> years class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide” class="ok"> and class="ok"> urge class="ok"> that class="ok"> “Facilitating class="ok"> access class="ok"> to class="ok"> appropriate class="ok"> care class="ok"> for
all class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> need class="ok"> it class="ok"> should class="ok"> be class="ok"> a class="ok"> national class="ok"> priority.” class="ok"> Social class="ok"> Psychiatry class="ok"> and class="ok"> Psychiatric
Epidemiology, class="ok"> November class="ok"> 2012, class="ok"> Volume class="ok"> 47, class="ok"> Issue class="ok"> 11, class="ok"> pp class="ok"> 1753–1761.
In class="ok"> their class="ok"> article, class="ok"> “Rwanda class="ok"> - class="ok"> lasting class="ok"> imprints class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide: class="ok"> trauma, class="ok"> mental class="ok"> health class="ok"> and
psychosocial class="ok"> conditions class="ok"> in class="ok"> survivors, class="ok"> former class="ok"> prisoners class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> children,” class="ok"> Heide class="ok"> Rieder class="ok"> and
Thomas class="ok"> Elbert class="ok"> (2013) class="ok"> “demonstrated class="ok"> particular class="ok"> long-term class="ok"> consequences class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> on
mental class="ok"> health class="ok"> and class="ok"> psychosocial class="ok"> conditions.” class="ok"> Also, class="ok"> “[d]ifferences class="ok"> between class="ok"> families class="ok"> of class="ok"> survivors
and class="ok"> families class="ok"> of class="ok"> former class="ok"> prisoners class="ok"> accused class="ok"> for class="ok"> participation class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> are class="ok"> reflected
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> mental class="ok"> health class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> next class="ok"> generation.” class="ok"> Conflict class="ok"> and class="ok"> Health, class="ok"> 7:6
https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-7-6
Indeed, class="ok"> to class="ok"> this class="ok"> day, class="ok"> many class="ok"> victim/survivors class="ok"> are class="ok"> (still) class="ok"> reeling class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> multidimensional class="ok"> effects class="ok"> of
their class="ok"> victimization class="ok"> traumata, class="ok"> their class="ok"> immeasurable class="ok"> losses, class="ok"> their class="ok"> sense class="ok"> of class="ok"> living class="ok"> shattered class="ok"> lives class="ok"> -including class="ok"> their class="ok"> own class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> children’s class="ok"> sense class="ok"> of class="ok"> identity class="ok"> and class="ok"> continuity. class="ok"> Many class="ok"> continue class="ok"> to
suffer class="ok"> from class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> seek class="ok"> treatment class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> injuries class="ok"> and class="ok"> persistent class="ok"> physical class="ok"> problems class="ok"> they class="ok"> sustained
and class="ok"> their class="ok"> impact class="ok"> on class="ok"> their class="ok"> functioning class="ok"> (“machete,” class="ok"> broken class="ok"> back, class="ok"> severe class="ok"> unhealable class="ok"> head class="ok"> injuries,
‘permanent’ class="ok"> headache class="ok"> and class="ok"> eye class="ok"> problem, class="ok"> severed class="ok"> chest class="ok"> and class="ok"> psychosomatic class="ok"> pains class="ok"> (headaches class="ok"> and
muscular class="ok"> pains, class="ok"> high class="ok"> blood class="ok"> pressure)). class="ok"> Additionally, class="ok"> they class="ok"> suffer class="ok"> trouble class="ok"> sleeping, class="ok"> nightmares,
waking class="ok"> up class="ok"> awash class="ok"> with class="ok"> fear, class="ok"> feeling class="ok"> wounded, class="ok"> “getting class="ok"> scared class="ok"> over class="ok"> nothing, class="ok"> [unable class="ok"> to] class="ok"> explain
the class="ok"> cause,” class="ok"> inability class="ok"> to class="ok"> concentrate class="ok"> and class="ok"> maintain class="ok"> social class="ok"> attention, class="ok"> among class="ok"> other class="ok"> psychosocial
sequelae class="ok"> – class="ok"> with class="ok"> their class="ok"> detrimental class="ok"> effects class="ok"> on class="ok"> their class="ok"> schooling, class="ok"> work, class="ok"> economic class="ok"> status class="ok"> and class="ok"> social
relationships. class="ok"> Economically, class="ok"> losing class="ok"> “everything, class="ok"> houses, class="ok"> livestock…,” class="ok"> Some, class="ok"> albeit class="ok"> feeling
desperate, class="ok"> nonetheless, class="ok"> having class="ok"> to class="ok"> “start class="ok"> from class="ok"> scratch class="ok"> and class="ok"> survive,” class="ok"> did. class="ok"> “Some class="ok"> children class="ok"> had class="ok"> to
stop class="ok"> school class="ok"> due class="ok"> to class="ok"> financial class="ok"> problems; class="ok"> others class="ok"> dropped class="ok"> out…due class="ok"> to class="ok"> lack class="ok"> of class="ok"> parental class="ok"> guidance,”

1

While class="ok"> a class="ok"> singular class="ok"> diagnostic class="ok"> category, class="ok"> PTSD class="ok"> (Post-Traumatic class="ok"> Stress class="ok"> Disorder) class="ok"> has class="ok"> often class="ok"> been class="ok"> used class="ok"> to class="ok"> connote class="ok"> other,
comorbid class="ok"> psychiatric class="ok"> and class="ok"> psychological class="ok"> conditions class="ok"> resulting class="ok"> from class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> atrocity class="ok"> crimes, class="ok"> including
Depression, class="ok"> Generalized class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> Anxiety class="ok"> Disorder(s) class="ok"> and class="ok"> related class="ok"> psychosomatic class="ok"> conditions.
2

further class="ok"> hindering class="ok"> their class="ok"> long-term class="ok"> development class="ok"> and class="ok"> prospects class="ok"> for class="ok"> healing.
One class="ok"> survivor class="ok"> describes class="ok"> his class="ok"> trauma class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> thus:
“I…became class="ok"> like class="ok"> a class="ok"> madman. class="ok"> Every class="ok"> day class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> wake class="ok"> up class="ok"> and class="ok"> go class="ok"> hide class="ok"> myself class="ok"> from class="ok"> people
in class="ok"> the class="ok"> bushes, class="ok"> and class="ok"> whenever class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> hear class="ok"> the class="ok"> sound class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> birds class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> run class="ok"> because class="ok"> it
sounded class="ok"> like class="ok"> screams. class="ok"> I class="ok"> always class="ok"> felt class="ok"> scared, class="ok"> thinking class="ok"> that class="ok"> I class="ok"> could class="ok"> be class="ok"> killed class="ok"> any class="ok"> time. class="ok"> There
is class="ok"> no class="ok"> place class="ok"> that class="ok"> my class="ok"> elder class="ok"> brother class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> take class="ok"> me class="ok"> to class="ok"> look class="ok"> for class="ok"> treatment, class="ok"> but class="ok"> it class="ok"> all class="ok"> failed.”
Many class="ok"> find class="ok"> it class="ok"> too class="ok"> difficult class="ok"> to class="ok"> speak class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> experiences class="ok"> and class="ok"> ponder class="ok"> their class="ok"> unimaginable, class="ok"> immense
losses. class="ok"> Their class="ok"> minds class="ok"> recoil class="ok"> against class="ok"> accepting class="ok"> their class="ok"> losses. class="ok"> “Whole class="ok"> families class="ok"> were class="ok"> wiped
out…There class="ok"> is class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> left class="ok"> on class="ok"> our class="ok"> hill, class="ok"> all class="ok"> were class="ok"> killed…” class="ok"> Incomplete class="ok"> mourning, class="ok"> and class="ok"> resulting
depression, class="ok"> prevail. class="ok"> This class="ok"> exacerbates class="ok"> the class="ok"> sense class="ok"> of class="ok"> guilt class="ok"> and class="ok"> lack class="ok"> of class="ok"> finality class="ok"> for class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> could
not class="ok"> find class="ok"> their class="ok"> relatives’ class="ok"> corpses class="ok"> and class="ok"> therefore class="ok"> could class="ok"> not class="ok"> give class="ok"> them class="ok"> proper class="ok"> burials class="ok"> with class="ok"> dignity.
Some class="ok"> keep class="ok"> hoping class="ok"> against class="ok"> hope class="ok"> that class="ok"> their class="ok"> family class="ok"> members class="ok"> will class="ok"> somehow class="ok"> return class="ok"> and,
remembering class="ok"> their class="ok"> loved class="ok"> ones’ class="ok"> dreams, class="ok"> plans class="ok"> (for class="ok"> example, class="ok"> become class="ok"> a class="ok"> doctor) class="ok"> and class="ok"> hopes class="ok"> (“s/he
loved class="ok"> to class="ok"> learn…”). class="ok"> They class="ok"> “always class="ok"> think class="ok"> about class="ok"> what class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> become class="ok"> of class="ok"> them class="ok"> now class="ok"> had class="ok"> them
not class="ok"> been class="ok"> killed.”
“Whenever class="ok"> I class="ok"> meet class="ok"> the class="ok"> young class="ok"> people class="ok"> who class="ok"> survived class="ok"> and class="ok"> are class="ok"> now class="ok"> grown, class="ok"> I class="ok"> think class="ok"> of class="ok"> my
children class="ok"> and class="ok"> how class="ok"> they class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> today. class="ok"> It class="ok"> is class="ok"> very class="ok"> hard class="ok"> to class="ok"> deal class="ok"> with.”
“One class="ok"> day class="ok"> I class="ok"> was class="ok"> seated class="ok"> in class="ok"> church class="ok"> and class="ok"> saw class="ok"> a class="ok"> child class="ok"> who class="ok"> looks class="ok"> like class="ok"> my class="ok"> first class="ok"> born class="ok"> son class="ok"> who
was class="ok"> killed...Since class="ok"> then, class="ok"> I class="ok"> never class="ok"> returned class="ok"> to… class="ok"> Church. class="ok"> I class="ok"> no class="ok"> longer class="ok"> go class="ok"> to class="ok"> pray.”
Some class="ok"> keep class="ok"> “wondering class="ok"> [especially class="ok"> at class="ok"> arduous class="ok"> times] class="ok"> how class="ok"> it class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> if class="ok"> [their] class="ok"> family
members,…family class="ok"> elders…were class="ok"> still class="ok"> alive” class="ok"> to class="ok"> advise, class="ok"> protect class="ok"> and class="ok"> help class="ok"> them:
“I class="ok"> lost class="ok"> so class="ok"> many class="ok"> people class="ok"> in class="ok"> my class="ok"> family, class="ok"> siblings class="ok"> and class="ok"> friends class="ok"> who class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> helping class="ok"> me class="ok"> now
if class="ok"> they class="ok"> had class="ok"> not class="ok"> been class="ok"> killed.”
“My class="ok"> children class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> grown class="ok"> up class="ok"> and class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> still class="ok"> be class="ok"> a class="ok"> mother class="ok"> and class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> a
grandmother. class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> very class="ok"> happy. class="ok"> I class="ok"> remain class="ok"> alone class="ok"> today. class="ok"> I class="ok"> am class="ok"> suffering. class="ok"> If class="ok"> I class="ok"> am class="ok"> in class="ok"> pain
or class="ok"> get class="ok"> sick, class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> to class="ok"> care class="ok"> for class="ok"> me.”
Overcome class="ok"> by class="ok"> this class="ok"> “heavy class="ok"> burden” class="ok"> of class="ok"> sadness, class="ok"> grief class="ok"> and class="ok"> sorrow, class="ok"> sometimes class="ok"> [they] class="ok"> even class="ok"> “wonder
if class="ok"> the class="ok"> lucky class="ok"> ones class="ok"> are class="ok"> the class="ok"> ones class="ok"> who class="ok"> survived class="ok"> or class="ok"> the class="ok"> ones class="ok"> who class="ok"> died.” class="ok"> Feeling class="ok"> incapable class="ok"> of class="ok"> coping
with class="ok"> their class="ok"> loss, class="ok"> some class="ok"> are class="ok"> even class="ok"> unable class="ok"> to class="ok"> gather class="ok"> with class="ok"> others class="ok"> at class="ok"> commemoration class="ok"> events.
Crucially, class="ok"> feeling class="ok"> that class="ok"> they class="ok"> have class="ok"> “lost class="ok"> [their] class="ok"> identity class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> result class="ok"> of class="ok"> losing class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> [they] class="ok"> came
from,’ class="ok"> their class="ok"> ‘roots,’ class="ok"> also class="ok"> results class="ok"> in class="ok"> losing class="ok"> their class="ok"> “confidence” class="ok"> and class="ok"> “the class="ok"> desire class="ok"> to class="ok"> develop.”
3

The class="ok"> above class="ok"> effects class="ok"> affect class="ok"> their class="ok"> parenting class="ok"> as class="ok"> well.
“My class="ok"> son class="ok"> is class="ok"> so class="ok"> much class="ok"> like class="ok"> my class="ok"> younger class="ok"> brother…But class="ok"> even class="ok"> that class="ok"> hurts class="ok"> – class="ok"> as class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> to class="ok"> relive
my class="ok"> young class="ok"> brother’s class="ok"> death class="ok"> every class="ok"> time class="ok"> I class="ok"> see class="ok"> my class="ok"> own class="ok"> son.”
“How class="ok"> we class="ok"> are class="ok"> going class="ok"> to class="ok"> explain class="ok"> to class="ok"> our class="ok"> children class="ok"> what class="ok"> happened” class="ok"> when class="ok"> they class="ok"> ask class="ok"> questions?
A class="ok"> poignant class="ok"> example class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> resulting class="ok"> broken class="ok"> generational class="ok"> linkages2 class="ok"> is class="ok"> the class="ok"> child class="ok"> who class="ok"> “had class="ok"> a class="ok"> hard
time class="ok"> learning class="ok"> the class="ok"> family class="ok"> links class="ok"> at class="ok"> school class="ok"> because class="ok"> he class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> have class="ok"> living class="ok"> examples.” class="ok"> Broken
generational class="ok"> linkages class="ok"> was class="ok"> found class="ok"> to class="ok"> dependently class="ok"> predict class="ok"> Holocaust-related class="ok"> pathology class="ok"> in
Holocaust class="ok"> survivor’s class="ok"> offspring.
The class="ok"> effects class="ok"> of class="ok"> Holocaust, class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> atrocity class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> can class="ok"> thus class="ok"> be class="ok"> long-term. class="ok"> And,
unless class="ok"> addressed class="ok"> reparatively class="ok"> and class="ok"> preventively, class="ok"> they class="ok"> are class="ok"> likely class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> lifelong class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> legacies
more class="ok"> likely class="ok"> to class="ok"> linger class="ok"> into class="ok"> succeeding class="ok"> generations.
Justice class="ok"> after class="ok"> Genocide:3
Despite class="ok"> their class="ok"> omnipresent class="ok"> agony, class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> believe class="ok"> that class="ok"> “When class="ok"> there class="ok"> is class="ok"> justice class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> world
acknowledges class="ok"> what class="ok"> happened class="ok"> to class="ok"> us, class="ok"> it class="ok"> helps class="ok"> us. class="ok"> But class="ok"> when class="ok"> people class="ok"> who class="ok"> committed class="ok"> those class="ok"> crimes
are class="ok"> being class="ok"> released class="ok"> without class="ok"> even class="ok"> finishing class="ok"> their class="ok"> sentence, class="ok"> it class="ok"> brings class="ok"> back class="ok"> our class="ok"> pain.” class="ok"> Allowing class="ok"> them
to class="ok"> be class="ok"> released class="ok"> early class="ok"> is class="ok"> devaluing class="ok"> the class="ok"> lives class="ok"> of class="ok"> our class="ok"> loved class="ok"> ones class="ok"> murdered class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide.
“An class="ok"> authority class="ok"> like class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> SIMBA class="ok"> was class="ok"> supposed class="ok"> to class="ok"> advise class="ok"> the class="ok"> population class="ok"> and class="ok"> prevent
them class="ok"> from class="ok"> killing class="ok"> but class="ok"> instead class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> the class="ok"> one class="ok"> who class="ok"> desensitized class="ok"> them class="ok"> to class="ok"> kill. class="ok"> He
should class="ok"> be class="ok"> punished class="ok"> severely.”

Danieli, class="ok"> Y., class="ok"> Norris, class="ok"> F. class="ok"> & class="ok"> Engdahl, class="ok"> B. class="ok"> (2016). class="ok"> Multigenerational class="ok"> legacies class="ok"> of class="ok"> trauma: class="ok"> data-based
integrative class="ok"> modeling class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> what class="ok"> and class="ok"> how class="ok"> of class="ok"> transmission. class="ok"> American class="ok"> Journal class="ok"> of class="ok"> Orthopsychiatry,
86(6), class="ok"> 639-651.
2

Danieli, class="ok"> Y. class="ok"> (2007). class="ok"> Essential class="ok"> elements class="ok"> in class="ok"> healing class="ok"> from class="ok"> massive class="ok"> trauma: class="ok"> Some class="ok"> theory, class="ok"> victims’
voices, class="ok"> and class="ok"> international class="ok"> developments. class="ok"> In class="ok"> J. class="ok"> Miller class="ok"> & class="ok"> R. class="ok"> Kumar class="ok"> (Eds.), class="ok"> Reparations:
Interdisciplinary class="ok"> Inquiries. class="ok"> (pp. class="ok"> 307-322). class="ok"> Oxford, class="ok"> United class="ok"> Kingdom: class="ok"> Oxford class="ok"> University class="ok"> Press.
See class="ok"> also class="ok"> Danieli, class="ok"> Y. class="ok"> (2014). class="ok"> Healing class="ok"> aspects class="ok"> of class="ok"> reparations class="ok"> and class="ok"> reparative class="ok"> justice class="ok"> for class="ok"> victims class="ok"> of
crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity. class="ok"> In class="ok"> Jo-Anne class="ok"> M.Wemmers class="ok"> (Ed.) class="ok"> Reparation class="ok"> for class="ok"> Victims class="ok"> of class="ok"> Crimes class="ok"> Against
Humanity class="ok"> (pp. class="ok"> 7-21). class="ok"> New class="ok"> York: class="ok"> Routledge.
3

4

The class="ok"> survivors’ class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> are class="ok"> exacerbated class="ok"> by class="ok"> fact class="ok"> that class="ok"> neither class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> SIMBA class="ok"> nor class="ok"> Dominique
NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> have class="ok"> accepted class="ok"> the class="ok"> responsibility class="ok"> for class="ok"> their class="ok"> crimes.
“They class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> even class="ok"> ask class="ok"> for class="ok"> forgiveness. class="ok"> Releasing class="ok"> them class="ok"> before class="ok"> they class="ok"> complete class="ok"> their class="ok"> full
sentences class="ok"> “would class="ok"> be class="ok"> like class="ok"> putting class="ok"> a class="ok"> knife class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> wounds class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> survivors.”
The class="ok"> sub-prefect class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO, class="ok"> an class="ok"> educated, class="ok"> trusted class="ok"> leader, class="ok"> blatantly class="ok"> lied class="ok"> to
and class="ok"> betrayed class="ok"> the class="ok"> trust class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> victims, class="ok"> luring class="ok"> them class="ok"> away class="ok"> from class="ok"> possible class="ok"> safety class="ok"> in class="ok"> Burundi class="ok"> or
in class="ok"> Gisagara class="ok"> Market class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kabuye class="ok"> Hill, class="ok"> where class="ok"> he class="ok"> facilitated class="ok"> their class="ok"> murder. class="ok"> He class="ok"> even class="ok"> facilitated class="ok"> his
own class="ok"> godson’s class="ok"> murder. class="ok"> Survivors class="ok"> used class="ok"> words class="ok"> like class="ok"> “killer” class="ok"> “Lucifer,” class="ok"> “an class="ok"> evil class="ok"> Satan” class="ok"> and
“monster” class="ok"> to class="ok"> describe class="ok"> him.
“If class="ok"> you class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kabuye class="ok"> Hill, class="ok"> you class="ok"> will class="ok"> know class="ok"> that class="ok"> releasing class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO
would class="ok"> not class="ok"> be class="ok"> justice.”
I class="ok"> think class="ok"> is class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> International class="ok"> Tribunal class="ok"> takes class="ok"> problems class="ok"> lightly class="ok"> because class="ok"> the class="ok"> people class="ok"> that
work class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> court class="ok"> were class="ok"> not class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> If class="ok"> they class="ok"> had class="ok"> witnessed class="ok"> it, class="ok"> they
would class="ok"> be class="ok"> making class="ok"> serious class="ok"> judgements class="ok"> and class="ok"> condemn class="ok"> someone class="ok"> like class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO
to class="ok"> life class="ok"> imprisonment.
“I class="ok"> believe class="ok"> the class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> don’t class="ok"> only class="ok"> consider class="ok"> it class="ok"> unfair class="ok"> but, class="ok"> myself class="ok"> included, class="ok"> would class="ok"> be
traumatized class="ok"> if class="ok"> that class="ok"> were class="ok"> to class="ok"> happen. class="ok"> Releasing class="ok"> him class="ok"> can class="ok"> hurt class="ok"> us class="ok"> very class="ok"> much.
It class="ok"> is class="ok"> so class="ok"> painful. class="ok"> There class="ok"> is class="ok"> nothing class="ok"> good class="ok"> that class="ok"> can class="ok"> come class="ok"> out class="ok"> of class="ok"> releasing class="ok"> him class="ok"> early.
A class="ok"> survivor class="ok"> who class="ok"> believed class="ok"> testifying class="ok"> in class="ok"> ARUSHA class="ok"> would class="ok"> help class="ok"> heal class="ok"> the class="ok"> aching class="ok"> wound class="ok"> in class="ok"> her
heart, class="ok"> and class="ok"> who class="ok"> was class="ok"> severely class="ok"> tortured class="ok"> and class="ok"> whose class="ok"> house class="ok"> was class="ok"> destroyed class="ok"> when class="ok"> she class="ok"> returned,
states, class="ok"> “I class="ok"> don’t class="ok"> understand class="ok"> how class="ok"> it class="ok"> is class="ok"> possible class="ok"> that class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> could class="ok"> be
released class="ok"> from class="ok"> prison… class="ok"> We class="ok"> trusted class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> court class="ok"> would class="ok"> bring class="ok"> justice, class="ok"> and class="ok"> if class="ok"> he class="ok"> is class="ok"> released
early, class="ok"> the class="ok"> court class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> failed class="ok"> to class="ok"> bring class="ok"> justice.
I class="ok"> cannot class="ok"> even class="ok"> think class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> that class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> could
ever class="ok"> be class="ok"> released class="ok"> from class="ok"> prison, class="ok"> let class="ok"> alone class="ok"> be class="ok"> released class="ok"> early. class="ok"> He class="ok"> is class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> 100
members class="ok"> of class="ok"> my class="ok"> family class="ok"> being class="ok"> massacred class="ok"> on class="ok"> KABUYE class="ok"> Hill.”
A class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> rescuer, class="ok"> against class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO’s class="ok"> early class="ok"> release,” class="ok"> believes class="ok"> that class="ok"> “he class="ok"> would class="ok"> bring
back class="ok"> the class="ok"> bad class="ok"> ideology class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> and class="ok"> would class="ok"> take class="ok"> us class="ok"> back class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> darkness class="ok"> that class="ok"> we class="ok"> went class="ok"> through
in class="ok"> 1994.”
A class="ok"> convicted class="ok"> genocidaire class="ok"> who class="ok"> served class="ok"> his class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> years class="ok"> sentence, class="ok"> states class="ok"> that
“NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> was class="ok"> a class="ok"> very class="ok"> powerful class="ok"> authority. class="ok"> He class="ok"> was class="ok"> an class="ok"> evil class="ok"> man class="ok"> because class="ok"> he
incited class="ok"> people class="ok"> to class="ok"> commit class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> Instead class="ok"> of class="ok"> protecting class="ok"> them, class="ok"> he class="ok"> sent class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> and
5

interahamwe class="ok"> to class="ok"> kill class="ok"> them. class="ok"> … class="ok"> I class="ok"> was class="ok"> personally class="ok"> impacted class="ok"> because class="ok"> had
NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> not class="ok"> told class="ok"> us class="ok"> to class="ok"> go class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> roadblocks, class="ok"> I class="ok"> would class="ok"> have class="ok"> not class="ok"> committed
the class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> that class="ok"> I class="ok"> committed. class="ok"> It class="ok"> was class="ok"> mandatory class="ok"> to class="ok"> go class="ok"> to class="ok"> roadblocks, class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> refused
were class="ok"> treated class="ok"> as class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> accomplices class="ok"> and class="ok"> were class="ok"> killed. class="ok"> All class="ok"> the class="ok"> consequences class="ok"> of class="ok"> being
imprisoned class="ok"> for class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> years class="ok"> and class="ok"> living class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> shame class="ok"> of class="ok"> having class="ok"> committed class="ok"> such class="ok"> atrocities
would class="ok"> have class="ok"> not class="ok"> happened class="ok"> to class="ok"> me.
I class="ok"> am class="ok"> against class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> because class="ok"> I class="ok"> think class="ok"> even class="ok"> the class="ok"> sentence class="ok"> he
was class="ok"> given class="ok"> is class="ok"> very class="ok"> little class="ok"> compared class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> small class="ok"> citizens class="ok"> who class="ok"> obeyed class="ok"> his class="ok"> orders, class="ok"> many class="ok"> of
them class="ok"> were class="ok"> sentenced class="ok"> to class="ok"> life class="ok"> imprisonment class="ok"> and class="ok"> others class="ok"> to class="ok"> 30 class="ok"> years class="ok"> of class="ok"> imprisonment class="ok"> and
they class="ok"> are class="ok"> still class="ok"> serving class="ok"> their class="ok"> sentence. class="ok"> For class="ok"> my class="ok"> own class="ok"> case, class="ok"> I class="ok"> was class="ok"> sentenced class="ok"> to class="ok"> 20 class="ok"> years class="ok"> of
imprisonment class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> is class="ok"> because class="ok"> I class="ok"> pleaded class="ok"> guilty, class="ok"> and class="ok"> I class="ok"> served class="ok"> all class="ok"> my class="ok"> sentence, class="ok"> so class="ok"> for
NTAWUKULILYAYO class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> early class="ok"> released class="ok"> when class="ok"> he class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> plead class="ok"> guilty class="ok"> and class="ok"> when class="ok"> those
who class="ok"> he class="ok"> incited class="ok"> to class="ok"> commit class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> are class="ok"> still class="ok"> in class="ok"> prison class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> extremely class="ok"> unfair.--including class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> perpetrators class="ok"> he class="ok"> incited class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> who class="ok"> have class="ok"> pleaded class="ok"> guilty class="ok"> and class="ok"> are class="ok"> serving
their class="ok"> full class="ok"> sentences.”
As class="ok"> noted class="ok"> previously, class="ok"> I class="ok"> was class="ok"> also class="ok"> in class="ok"> contact class="ok"> with class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> diaspora class="ok"> survivors. class="ok"> The class="ok"> following
statements class="ok"> are class="ok"> taken class="ok"> from class="ok"> their class="ok"> responses.
From class="ok"> a class="ok"> young class="ok"> woman:
I class="ok"> lost class="ok"> my class="ok"> entire class="ok"> immediate class="ok"> family class="ok"> (parents class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> six class="ok"> siblings) class="ok"> and class="ok"> most class="ok"> of class="ok"> my class="ok"> extended
family class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Hearing class="ok"> that class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> like class="ok"> Hassan class="ok"> Ngeze, class="ok"> whose class="ok"> newspaper class="ok"> Kangura class="ok"> was class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> the
Anti-Tutsi class="ok"> propaganda class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> dehumanization class="ok"> campaign class="ok"> which class="ok"> enabled class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> to
take class="ok"> place, class="ok"> may class="ok"> be class="ok"> granted class="ok"> an class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> is class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> words.
The class="ok"> crime class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> most class="ok"> heinous class="ok"> crimes. class="ok"> It class="ok"> is class="ok"> thus class="ok"> astounding class="ok"> and
shocking class="ok"> that class="ok"> mass class="ok"> murderers class="ok"> can class="ok"> even class="ok"> be class="ok"> considered class="ok"> for class="ok"> an class="ok"> early class="ok"> release.
What class="ok"> does class="ok"> granting class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> to class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> like class="ok"> Hassan class="ok"> Ngeze, class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Simba
and class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> Ntawukuriryayo class="ok"> accomplish class="ok"> except class="ok"> to class="ok"> inflict class="ok"> more class="ok"> pain class="ok"> on class="ok"> us class="ok"> as
survivors, class="ok"> to class="ok"> minimize class="ok"> our class="ok"> loss class="ok"> and class="ok"> suffering class="ok"> and class="ok"> to class="ok"> minimize class="ok"> the class="ok"> gravity class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> crimes
committed class="ok"> against class="ok"> our class="ok"> loved class="ok"> ones class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide?
Granting class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> to class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> serves class="ok"> the class="ok"> perpetrators class="ok"> alone, class="ok"> not class="ok"> the class="ok"> victims class="ok"> or
survivors, class="ok"> which class="ok"> leaves class="ok"> us class="ok"> hopeless class="ok"> and class="ok"> without class="ok"> faith class="ok"> in class="ok"> international class="ok"> criminal class="ok"> tribunals.”
There class="ok"> is class="ok"> absolutely class="ok"> no class="ok"> good class="ok"> behavior class="ok"> that class="ok"> should class="ok"> ever class="ok"> justify class="ok"> an class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> for
masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> Granting class="ok"> these class="ok"> early class="ok"> releases class="ok"> simply class="ok"> encourages class="ok"> the class="ok"> would-be
perpetrators class="ok"> because class="ok"> it class="ok"> lets class="ok"> them class="ok"> know class="ok"> that class="ok"> you class="ok"> can class="ok"> plan class="ok"> and class="ok"> carry class="ok"> out class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> and
only class="ok"> end class="ok"> up class="ok"> in class="ok"> jail class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> limited class="ok"> time, class="ok"> while class="ok"> survivors’ class="ok"> pain class="ok"> and class="ok"> loss class="ok"> is class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> lifetime.

6

Twenty-four class="ok"> years class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> while class="ok"> many class="ok"> of class="ok"> us class="ok"> are class="ok"> only class="ok"> starting class="ok"> to class="ok"> come class="ok"> to class="ok"> terms
with class="ok"> what class="ok"> happened class="ok"> to class="ok"> us, class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> of class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> people class="ok"> most class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> murder
of class="ok"> our class="ok"> loved class="ok"> ones class="ok"> only class="ok"> adds class="ok"> insult class="ok"> to class="ok"> our class="ok"> injury class="ok"> and class="ok"> makes class="ok"> us class="ok"> feel class="ok"> as class="ok"> if class="ok"> the class="ok"> world class="ok"> does class="ok"> not
understand class="ok"> or class="ok"> simply class="ok"> does class="ok"> not class="ok"> care class="ok"> about class="ok"> what class="ok"> we class="ok"> suffered class="ok"> and class="ok"> lost class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide
or class="ok"> the class="ok"> pain class="ok"> that class="ok"> we class="ok"> experience class="ok"> when class="ok"> we class="ok"> see class="ok"> these class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> being
released.
I class="ok"> and class="ok"> many class="ok"> others class="ok"> believe class="ok"> that class="ok"> ensuring class="ok"> Justice class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> aftermath class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is class="ok"> key class="ok"> to
preventing class="ok"> future class="ok"> genocides. class="ok"> Granting class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> to class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is
contrary class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> justice class="ok"> that class="ok"> victims class="ok"> and class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> expect class="ok"> and class="ok"> deserve.
This class="ok"> is class="ok"> not class="ok"> only class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> sake class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> victims class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> but class="ok"> to class="ok"> deter class="ok"> others class="ok"> who class="ok"> in
the class="ok"> future class="ok"> may class="ok"> consider class="ok"> orchestrating class="ok"> and class="ok"> executing class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> any class="ok"> group class="ok"> of
people.
From class="ok"> a class="ok"> young class="ok"> woman:
Granting class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> to class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> such class="ok"> as
Hassan class="ok"> Ngeze, class="ok"> Col. class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> Simba class="ok"> and class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> Ntawukuriryayo class="ok"> is class="ok"> like class="ok"> killing class="ok"> us class="ok"> and
continuing class="ok"> the class="ok"> original class="ok"> plan class="ok"> to class="ok"> completely class="ok"> wipe class="ok"> us class="ok"> out. class="ok"> It class="ok"> takes class="ok"> away class="ok"> any class="ok"> hope class="ok"> that
survivors class="ok"> have class="ok"> for class="ok"> justice.
From class="ok"> a class="ok"> young class="ok"> man:
If class="ok"> ordinary class="ok"> criminals class="ok"> who class="ok"> are class="ok"> not class="ok"> genocidaires class="ok"> can class="ok"> get class="ok"> life class="ok"> without class="ok"> parole, class="ok"> how class="ok"> can class="ok"> a
genocidaire, class="ok"> someone class="ok"> who class="ok"> was class="ok"> an class="ok"> integral class="ok"> part class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> murder class="ok"> of class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> a class="ok"> million
people class="ok"> be class="ok"> eligible class="ok"> for class="ok"> early class="ok"> release? class="ok"> These class="ok"> laws class="ok"> and class="ok"> rules class="ok"> not class="ok"> only class="ok"> rob class="ok"> victims class="ok"> and
survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> justice, class="ok"> but class="ok"> they class="ok"> undermine class="ok"> the class="ok"> spirit class="ok"> of class="ok"> international class="ok"> law.
From class="ok"> a class="ok"> young class="ok"> woman:
I class="ok"> was class="ok"> two class="ok"> years class="ok"> old class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> The class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> took
away class="ok"> my class="ok"> father class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> large class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> my class="ok"> family class="ok"> members. class="ok"> I class="ok"> grew class="ok"> up class="ok"> facing class="ok"> its
consequences class="ok"> in class="ok"> every class="ok"> aspect class="ok"> of class="ok"> my class="ok"> life.
When class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> happened class="ok"> my class="ok"> family class="ok"> were class="ok"> living class="ok"> in class="ok"> Gisenyi. class="ok"> After class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> I class="ok"> was
living class="ok"> with class="ok"> my class="ok"> mother class="ok"> and class="ok"> aunties class="ok"> who class="ok"> survived. class="ok"> They class="ok"> couldn't class="ok"> spend class="ok"> a class="ok"> day class="ok"> without
talking class="ok"> about class="ok"> their class="ok"> journey class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> Hassan class="ok"> Ngeze, class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> masterminds,
was class="ok"> in class="ok"> almost class="ok"> all class="ok"> their class="ok"> conversations. class="ok"> I class="ok"> grew class="ok"> up class="ok"> knowing class="ok"> that class="ok"> Ngeze class="ok"> is class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> people
who class="ok"> tortured class="ok"> my class="ok"> family class="ok"> and class="ok"> encouraged class="ok"> Hutus class="ok"> to class="ok"> kill class="ok"> Tutsis.
I class="ok"> remember class="ok"> when class="ok"> Ngeze class="ok"> was class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> news class="ok"> when class="ok"> he class="ok"> first class="ok"> went class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> court class="ok"> and class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> my
aunties class="ok"> couldn't class="ok"> even class="ok"> stand class="ok"> listening class="ok"> or class="ok"> reading class="ok"> that class="ok"> name class="ok"> because class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> a class="ok"> reminder class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> horrors class="ok"> she class="ok"> experienced class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide.
Hassan class="ok"> Ngeze class="ok"> deprived class="ok"> so class="ok"> many class="ok"> people class="ok"> including class="ok"> my class="ok"> own class="ok"> father class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> right class="ok"> to class="ok"> live
7

and class="ok"> constantly class="ok"> incited class="ok"> Hutus class="ok"> in class="ok"> my class="ok"> neighborhood class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> whole class="ok"> country class="ok"> to class="ok"> kill class="ok"> Tutsis.
From class="ok"> a class="ok"> young class="ok"> man:
Granting class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> to class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is class="ok"> simply class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> denial. class="ok"> As class="ok"> a
survivor, class="ok"> I class="ok"> feel class="ok"> like class="ok"> this class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> second class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> promotion class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> ideology,
and class="ok"> I class="ok"> am class="ok"> afraid class="ok"> that class="ok"> this class="ok"> may class="ok"> lead class="ok"> to class="ok"> more class="ok"> genocides.
From class="ok"> a class="ok"> young class="ok"> woman:
As class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> survivor, class="ok"> I class="ok"> feel class="ok"> angry class="ok"> and class="ok"> heartbroken class="ok"> to class="ok"> hear class="ok"> that class="ok"> someone class="ok"> who class="ok"> was class="ok"> a
mastermind class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> which class="ok"> took class="ok"> so class="ok"> much class="ok"> from class="ok"> me class="ok"> may class="ok"> be class="ok"> released class="ok"> early. class="ok"> These
are class="ok"> the class="ok"> people class="ok"> who class="ok"> orchestrated class="ok"> and class="ok"> planned class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> They
committed class="ok"> heinous class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> and class="ok"> they class="ok"> should class="ok"> face class="ok"> justice class="ok"> to class="ok"> its class="ok"> full class="ok"> extent.
Conclusions:
Despite class="ok"> their class="ok"> attempts class="ok"> at class="ok"> healing class="ok"> and class="ok"> (re)building class="ok"> life class="ok"> anew, class="ok"> victim/survivors class="ok"> experience class="ok"> even class="ok"> the
mere class="ok"> consideration class="ok"> of class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> of class="ok"> three class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the
Tutsi class="ok"> as class="ok"> ominous, class="ok"> wounding class="ok"> and class="ok"> (re)traumatizing, class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> barely class="ok"> mended class="ok"> scars class="ok"> at class="ok"> risk class="ok"> of class="ok"> being
re-ruptured. class="ok"> As class="ok"> well, class="ok"> it class="ok"> threatens class="ok"> to class="ok"> resurrect class="ok"> their class="ok"> victim class="ok"> identity class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> expense class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> hardwon, class="ok"> yet class="ok"> fragile, class="ok"> identity class="ok"> as class="ok"> survivors. class="ok"> They class="ok"> are class="ok"> bewildered. class="ok"> Bereft class="ok"> and class="ok"> confused, class="ok"> their class="ok"> reactions
range class="ok"> from class="ok"> disbelief class="ok"> to class="ok"> profound class="ok"> sadness, class="ok"> disillusionment class="ok"> and class="ok"> outrage class="ok"> to class="ok"> devastation class="ok"> and class="ok"> fears class="ok"> of
the class="ok"> return class="ok"> of class="ok"> powerlessness class="ok"> and class="ok"> hopelessness. class="ok"> Victims class="ok"> commented class="ok"> on class="ok"> what class="ok"> they class="ok"> believed class="ok"> to class="ok"> be
the class="ok"> absurdity class="ok"> of class="ok"> extending class="ok"> a class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> gesture class="ok"> to class="ok"> “rehabilitated” class="ok"> masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide
without class="ok"> regard class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> “rehabilitation” class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> victims. class="ok"> They class="ok"> also class="ok"> consider class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> early
release class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> second class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> and class="ok"> as class="ok"> permitting class="ok"> encouragement class="ok"> for class="ok"> future class="ok"> genocidaires.
Having class="ok"> found class="ok"> some class="ok"> measure class="ok"> of class="ok"> comfort class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> international class="ok"> community’s class="ok"> attempt class="ok"> at class="ok"> justice class="ok"> by
holding class="ok"> fair class="ok"> trials class="ok"> according class="ok"> to class="ok"> international class="ok"> standards, class="ok"> thus class="ok"> being class="ok"> (re)included class="ok"> in class="ok"> this class="ok"> community
after class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide, class="ok"> and class="ok"> despite class="ok"> the class="ok"> ICTR’s class="ok"> historically class="ok"> fraught class="ok"> relationship class="ok"> with class="ok"> them,
victim/survivors class="ok"> feel class="ok"> betrayed class="ok"> and class="ok"> abandoned class="ok"> yet class="ok"> again class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> international class="ok"> community
that class="ok"> had class="ok"> abandoned class="ok"> them class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide. class="ok"> They class="ok"> are class="ok"> as class="ok"> if class="ok"> attacked class="ok"> by class="ok"> memories, class="ok"> and class="ok"> feel
victimized class="ok"> anew, class="ok"> now class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> international class="ok"> criminal class="ok"> justice class="ok"> system class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> world class="ok"> that class="ok"> abandoned
them class="ok"> then class="ok"> and, class="ok"> again, class="ok"> now. class="ok"> They class="ok"> are class="ok"> betrayed class="ok"> anew class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> “old” class="ok"> mistrust class="ok"> is class="ok"> exacerbated. class="ok"> And
what class="ok"> is class="ok"> the class="ok"> message class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> future class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> society? class="ok"> The class="ok"> possible class="ok"> impact class="ok"> on class="ok"> succeeding

8

generations?
Their class="ok"> reactions class="ok"> are class="ok"> consistent class="ok"> with class="ok"> those class="ok"> of class="ok"> numerous class="ok"> victim/survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> atrocity class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> other
experts class="ok"> and class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> observed, class="ok"> known, class="ok"> and class="ok"> studied class="ok"> before class="ok"> and class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> my class="ok"> nearly class="ok"> five class="ok"> decades
of class="ok"> experience class="ok"> around class="ok"> the class="ok"> world. class="ok"> Psychologically, class="ok"> the class="ok"> possibility class="ok"> of class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> of class="ok"> those
unarguably class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> their class="ok"> agonizing class="ok"> losses class="ok"> at class="ok"> best class="ok"> undermines, class="ok"> and class="ok"> at class="ok"> worst class="ok"> undoes, class="ok"> the
reparative class="ok"> sense class="ok"> of class="ok"> vindication class="ok"> purported class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> rendered class="ok"> by class="ok"> justice class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> victims. class="ok"> , class="ok"> It class="ok"> also
virtually class="ok"> ensures class="ok"> reawakening class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> own class="ok"> questionably class="ok"> dormant class="ok"> suffering, class="ok"> a class="ok"> new class="ok"> sense class="ok"> of
betrayal class="ok"> and class="ok"> sorrow, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> transmission class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide’s class="ok"> multidimensional class="ok"> legacies class="ok"> to class="ok"> their
offspring.
Victim/survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> Aloys class="ok"> SIMBA, class="ok"> Dominique class="ok"> NTAWUKULILYAYO, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Hassan class="ok"> NGEZE
uniformly class="ok"> attest class="ok"> that class="ok"> releasing class="ok"> these class="ok"> genocidaires class="ok"> will class="ok"> be class="ok"> a class="ok"> new class="ok"> wound class="ok"> to class="ok"> them. class="ok"> By class="ok"> diminishing
their class="ok"> losses class="ok"> and class="ok"> pain, class="ok"> thus class="ok"> undermining class="ok"> their class="ok"> sense class="ok"> of class="ok"> justice, class="ok"> this class="ok"> second class="ok"> wound class="ok"> is class="ok"> worse class="ok"> than
the class="ok"> first.4 class="ok"> It class="ok"> might class="ok"> also class="ok"> be class="ok"> regarded class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> wholesale class="ok"> application class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> foreign-based
criminologically class="ok"> oriented class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> gesture class="ok"> in class="ok"> response class="ok"> to class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity class="ok"> that class="ok"> were
the class="ok"> antithesis class="ok"> of class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> behavior, class="ok"> that class="ok"> will class="ok"> (re)traumatize class="ok"> victims class="ok"> and class="ok"> thereby class="ok"> inflict class="ok"> anew
a class="ok"> victimological class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> disaster.
For class="ok"> all class="ok"> the class="ok"> above class="ok"> reasons, class="ok"> I class="ok"> strenuously class="ok"> urge class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Nations class="ok"> International class="ok"> Residual
Mechanism class="ok"> for class="ok"> Criminal class="ok"> Tribunals class="ok"> (MICT) class="ok"> to class="ok"> heed class="ok"> the class="ok"> voices class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> victims class="ok"> and class="ok"> also class="ok"> the class="ok"> voices
of class="ok"> a class="ok"> rescuer class="ok"> and class="ok"> a class="ok"> (‘foot class="ok"> soldier’) class="ok"> genocidaire class="ok"> who class="ok"> did class="ok"> admit class="ok"> his class="ok"> guilt class="ok"> and class="ok"> served class="ok"> his class="ok"> sentence class="ok"> in
full. class="ok"> I class="ok"> urge class="ok"> the class="ok"> MICT class="ok"> to class="ok"> fully class="ok"> consider class="ok"> the class="ok"> contextual class="ok"> meanings class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> traumatological,
victimological, class="ok"> social, class="ok"> and class="ok"> psycho-historical class="ok"> elements class="ok"> in class="ok"> contemplating class="ok"> the class="ok"> early class="ok"> release class="ok"> of
masterminds class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> destruction class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> families, class="ok"> communities class="ok"> and class="ok"> society, class="ok"> and class="ok"> I class="ok"> caution class="ok"> against
the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> to class="ok"> release class="ok"> them class="ok"> early.

4
Danieli, class="ok"> Y. class="ok"> (Ed.) class="ok"> (1998). class="ok"> International class="ok"> handbook class="ok"> of class="ok"> multigenerational class="ok"> legacies class="ok"> of class="ok"> trauma. class="ok"> New
York: class="ok"> Kluwer
Academic/ class="ok"> Plenum class="ok"> Publishing class="ok"> Corporation; class="ok"> Now class="ok"> Springer class="ok"> Publishing class="ok"> Company. class="ok"> Available class="ok"> also class="ok"> as class="ok"> an class="ok"> ebook class="ok"> at:
http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1/page/1; class="ok"> also
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=thoNwuDmHEQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=yael+danieli&ots=Lz5w
k8a4tj&sig=r5eLmv3JrgVAq6-PCbVQNJ3zMPo#v=onepage&q=yael%20danieli&f=false.

9

DATE:

May class="ok"> 30, class="ok"> 2018

SIGNATURE:

10

Haut

fgtquery v.1.9, 9 février 2024